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<p dir="ltr">Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions that involve inflammation of the digestive tract. The two main types of IBD are&nbsp;<strong>Crohn's Disease</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>Ulcerative Colitis</strong>. These conditions can cause significant discomfort and impact the quality of life but are manageable with proper treatment.</p><h2><strong>Types of IBD</strong></h2><h3>Crohn's Disease</h3><p dir="ltr">Crohn’s Disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly affects the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the beginning of the colon. Inflammation can occur in patches and may involve the entire thickness of the bowel wall.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Common Symptoms:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Abdominal pain</li><li dir="ltr">Diarrhea</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Weight loss</li><li dir="ltr">Malnutrition</li><li dir="ltr">Vomiting</li><li dir="ltr">Blood in stool</li><li dir="ltr">Fever</li></ul><h3>Ulcerative Colitis</h3><p dir="ltr">This condition affects only the colon (large intestine) and rectum. Inflammation is continuous and limited to the innermost lining of the colon.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Common Symptoms:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Bloody diarrhea</li><li dir="ltr">Abdominal pain</li><li dir="ltr">Urgency to defecate</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li></ul><h2><strong>Symptoms of IBD</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Diarrhea (sometimes with blood)</li><li dir="ltr">Abdominal pain and cramping</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Weight loss / Failure to gain weight</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of appetite</li><li dir="ltr">Fever</li><li dir="ltr">Urgency to have a bowel movement</li></ul><h2><strong>Diagnosis of IBD</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">IBD is diagnosed using a combination of the following:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Medical history and physical examination</li><li dir="ltr">Blood tests</li><li dir="ltr">Stool tests</li><li dir="ltr">Endoscopic procedures (like colonoscopy)</li><li dir="ltr">Imaging tests (such as CT scan or MRI)</li><li dir="ltr">Biopsy of intestinal tissue</li></ul><h2><strong>Treatment Options</strong></h2><h3><strong>For Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Anti-inflammatory medications, steroids, and other drugs</li><li dir="ltr">Immunosuppression</li><li dir="ltr">Biologics</li><li dir="ltr">Surgery (in cases where the affected portion of the intestine needs removal)</li><li dir="ltr">Dietary and lifestyle changes</li><li dir="ltr">Stress management</li><li dir="ltr">Smoking cessation</li></ul><h2><strong>For Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):&nbsp;</strong><em><strong>(Different from IBD)</strong></em></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Dietary changes</li><li dir="ltr">Antibiotics and other medications</li><li dir="ltr">Mental health therapies</li></ul><h2><strong>Tips for Managing IBD</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><strong>What to Do:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Follow your medication schedule strictly</li><li dir="ltr">Maintain a food diary to track symptom triggers</li><li dir="ltr">Stay hydrated</li><li dir="ltr">Have regular follow-ups with your doctor</li><li dir="ltr">Get vaccinated as advised (especially for flu and pneumonia)</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>What to Avoid:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Avoid smoking</li><li dir="ltr">Limit intake of spicy, fatty, and processed foods</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid alcohol and caffeine during flare-ups</li><li dir="ltr">Do not skip medications</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid unnecessary stress</li></ul><h2><strong>For More Information</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">If you have more queries related to IBD, please contact the&nbsp;<strong>Department of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology</strong>:<br>📞 0484-2851225 / +91-7994999790</p><h2><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><strong>1. What is the difference between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?</strong><br>Crohn’s Disease can affect any part of the digestive tract and involve the full bowel wall, while Ulcerative Colitis affects only the colon and rectum and involves the innermost lining.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>2. Can IBD be cured completely?</strong><br>IBD is a chronic condition and cannot be cured, but with the right treatment, it can be effectively managed and kept in remission.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>3. How is IBD diagnosed?</strong><br>Diagnosis involves medical history, blood and stool tests, colonoscopy, imaging (CT/MRI), and sometimes a biopsy of the intestinal tissue.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>4. Are diet and lifestyle important in managing IBD?</strong><br>Yes, maintaining a proper diet, reducing stress, avoiding smoking, and staying hydrated are crucial to managing IBD symptoms.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>5. Is IBD the same as IBS?</strong><br>No. While both affect the digestive system, IBD involves inflammation and can cause structural damage, whereas IBS is a functional disorder without inflammation.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)

Causes and Remedies for Weight Gain in Women

 Breast Self-Awareness: How To Do a Breast Self-Exam 

Robotic Surgery in Gynaecology: The Future of Women’s Health

Doctors Talk

Knowledge Hub

<p dir="ltr">Uterine cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers affecting women worldwide. It develops when abnormal cells in the uterus grow uncontrollably, often leading to a range of symptoms, from abnormal bleeding to pelvic pain. At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are dedicated to providing world-class care for women diagnosed with uterine cancer, combining the expertise of our Gynecologic Oncology and Radiation Oncology departments to deliver comprehensive treatment plans tailored to each patient’s needs.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Uterine Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/uterine">Uterine cancer</a> refers to cancers that develop in the uterus, a vital organ in the female reproductive system. The most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, which begins in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). Less common is uterine sarcoma, which starts in the muscle tissue of the uterus (myometrium). While uterine cancer can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in postmenopausal women.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs and Symptoms of Uterine Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Early detection plays a crucial role in effective treatment outcomes. The most common symptom of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly after menopause. Other symptoms to watch out for include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Heavier than usual periods or changes in menstrual patterns</li><li dir="ltr">Vaginal bleeding between periods</li><li dir="ltr">Prolonged periods without breaks</li><li dir="ltr">Pelvic or abdominal pain</li><li dir="ltr">Difficulty urinating or changes in bowel habits</li><li dir="ltr">Unexplained weight loss</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If any of these symptoms persist, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly for diagnosis.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes and Risk Factors</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While the exact cause of uterine cancer remains unclear, several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the condition. These include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Age</strong>: Uterine cancer is most common in women over 50, especially after menopause.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hormonal Imbalance</strong>: Estrogen exposure without progesterone, as seen in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or long-term use of unopposed estrogen therapy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Obesity</strong>: Excess fat tissue increases estrogen levels, which can promote the growth of uterine cancer cells.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Family History</strong>: A family history of uterine, ovarian, or colorectal cancer can increase the risk, particularly with genetic conditions like&nbsp;<strong>Lynch syndrome</strong>.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Diabetes</strong>: Diabetes, often linked to obesity, has been identified as a significant risk factor.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/gynecologic-oncology-division">Gynecologic Oncology</a> department is dedicated to assessing and managing these risk factors, offering preventive care through screenings, genetic counseling, and lifestyle recommendations.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">If uterine cancer is suspected, early diagnosis is essential. The following diagnostic methods are typically used to confirm the condition:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical Examination</strong>: A pelvic exam helps detect abnormalities in the uterus or cervix.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pelvic Ultrasound</strong>: Both&nbsp;<strong>transvaginal</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>abdominal ultrasounds</strong> are used to create images of the uterus and detect abnormalities.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Endometrial Biopsy</strong>: A biopsy involves removing tissue from the lining of the uterus to test for cancerous cells.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hysteroscopy</strong>: A procedure where a thin camera is inserted into the uterus to visualize the area directly.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>CT and MRI Scans</strong>: Imaging tests are performed to check if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment for Uterine Cancer at Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our Gynecologic Oncology and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/radiation-oncology">Radiation Oncology</a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>departments offer treatments for uterine cancer. The treatment plan is personalized for each patient based on factors such as cancer stage, overall health, and fertility considerations.</p><p dir="ltr">We utilize advanced diagnostic tools and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Surgical Treatment (Hysterectomy)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Surgery is the most common treatment for uterine cancer. A hysterectomy involves the removal of the uterus and may also include removal of the cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. If the cancer has spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes may also be removed.</p><p dir="ltr">Depending on the extent of the cancer, the procedure may be performed via traditional surgery (laparotomy) or minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic surgery or robotic surgery. Our Gynecologic Oncology department is equipped with the latest surgical technologies, including robotic-assisted surgery, which offers benefits such as shorter recovery times, reduced scarring, and improved precision.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Radiation Therapy (Radiotherapy)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It is often used after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer returning. We offer both external beam radiation and brachytherapy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>External Beam Radiation</strong>: This method uses a machine to direct radiation at the tumor from outside the body.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Brachytherapy</strong>: This is an internal radiation treatment where radioactive material is placed inside the uterus to target the cancer cells directly.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">In certain cases, palliative radiation may also be used to manage symptoms and improve the patient’s quality of life.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Chemotherapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Chemotherapy is often used for advanced uterine cancer or if the cancer has spread to other areas. It uses drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop their growth. Chemotherapy is typically administered intravenously and may be combined with other therapies for better outcomes.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Hormone Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">For hormone receptor-positive uterine cancer, hormone therapy may be used to block or reduce the production of estrogen, which can fuel cancer growth.&nbsp;<strong>Progesterone</strong> is the most commonly used hormone therapy, and it can help reduce the size of the tumor and prevent further growth.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Immunotherapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. There are immunotherapy treatments, including&nbsp;<strong>Pembrolizumab</strong>, which can be combined with targeted therapy to treat advanced uterine cancer.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Targeted Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Targeted therapy involves the use of medications that target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth. For patients with advanced uterine cancer,&nbsp;<strong>Lenvatinib</strong> is a targeted therapy drug that can be used in combination with immunotherapy to improve treatment outcomes.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Multidisciplinary Tumor Board and Personalized Care</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">We take a multidisciplinary approach to uterine cancer treatment. Each patient’s case is discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board, which includes a team of experts from various specialties, such as:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Gynecologic Oncologists</strong>: Specializing in cancers of the female reproductive organs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medical Oncologists</strong>: Experts in chemotherapy and other drug-based treatments.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Radiation Oncologists</strong>: Experts in radiation therapy for targeted cancer treatment.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pathologists</strong>: Specialists in analyzing tissue samples to provide accurate diagnoses.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic Counselors</strong>: Offering genetic testing and counseling for family risk assessments.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">This collaborative approach ensures that every patient receives the most effective and comprehensive treatment available.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Palliative Care and Supportive Services</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">For patients with advanced uterine cancer, palliative care is an important aspect of the treatment plan. Our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/pain-and-palliative-medicine">Pain and Palliative Care</a> Team at Amrita Hospital provides support to manage pain, alleviate symptoms, and improve the overall quality of life. This team works closely with patients and families to provide compassionate care tailored to their needs.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic Counseling and Preventive Oncology</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Understanding your genetic risks can play a crucial role in early detection and prevention of uterine cancer. Genetic counseling at Amrita Hospital allows patients to assess their risk of developing uterine cancer through modern genetic tests, including BRCA mutations. Women with genetic predispositions to cancer can take preventive steps, such as early screenings or lifestyle changes, to reduce their cancer risk.</p><p dir="ltr">Uterine cancer is a serious condition, but early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. If you experience symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or changes in menstrual cycles, it’s important to consult with a gynecologist promptly.</p><p>For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact&nbsp;at - 0484-6683030, 0484-2853030.</p>

Uterine Cancer: Everything You Need to Know

<p dir="ltr">As schools reopen and COVID-19 cases begin to rise once again, parents are understandably concerned about how to keep their children safe. From common viral infections (in all probability, Influenza) to more severe illnesses such as COVID-19, Leptospirosis (Rat fever) , school-going children are exposed to a variety of pathogens every day.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">While complete prevention isn’t possible, timely precautions and awareness can make a significant difference.</p><h2><strong>Why School Increases the Risk of Infection</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Schools are social hubs where children are in close contact with each other for extended hours. This makes them ideal environments for the spread of airborne and contact-based illnesses.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Surfaces like desks, doorknobs, and shared stationery can harbor viruses and bacteria, while poor ventilation can increase the risk of airborne respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19.</p><p dir="ltr">Common illnesses during the school year include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">COVID-19 and influenza</li><li dir="ltr">Stomach viruses (like rotavirus or norovirus)</li><li dir="ltr">Upper respiratory tract infections</li><li dir="ltr">Conjunctivitis (pink eye)</li><li dir="ltr">Hand-foot-mouth disease</li><li dir="ltr">Strep throat(Tonsillitis)</li><li dir="ltr">Head lice (though not illness-related) are still a contagious concern.</li></ul><h2><strong>When Should You Keep Your Child Home?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The decision to keep a child home isn’t always clear-cut. While it's tempting to send them to school for minor symptoms, certain signs warrant caution.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">1. Fever</p><ul><li dir="ltr">A fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher is a sign of infection.</li><li dir="ltr">Children should remain at home until they have been fever-free for at least 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medications like paracetamol&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">2. Vomiting and Diarrhea</p><ul><li dir="ltr">These symptoms are often caused by viral gastroenteritis and can spread quickly.</li><li dir="ltr">Wait at least 24–48 hours after the last episode before sending your child back to school, and encourage them to take WHO ORS or home available, tolerable salty fluids&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">3. Persistent Cough or Breathing Difficulty</p><p dir="ltr">A mild cold may not be cause for alarm, but a constant or severe cough, wheezing, or shortness of breath could indicate something more serious, like RSV, flu, or COVID-19.</p><p dir="ltr">4. Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)</p><p dir="ltr">If your child has red, itchy eyes with yellow/green discharge, keep them home and consult a pediatrician.</p><p dir="ltr">5. Fatigue and General Unwellness</p><p dir="ltr">If your child seems unusually tired, irritable, or unable to focus, it may be best to keep them home and monitor their symptoms.</p><h2><strong>COVID-19 in Children</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">COVID-19 continues to be a significant concern. While many children experience only mild symptoms, others, particularly those with underlying conditions like asthma or diabetes, are at risk of complications. Symptoms to watch for include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Fever</li><li dir="ltr">Cough</li><li dir="ltr">Runny nose</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Sore throat</li><li dir="ltr">Diarrhea or vomiting</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of taste or smell (less common in young children)</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If your child tests positive:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Keep them isolated at home for at least 3 days.</li><li dir="ltr">Ensure they are fever-free for 24 hours without medication before considering return to school.</li><li dir="ltr">Consult your pediatrician to determine whether further evaluation is needed.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Amrita’s Infectious Diseases specialists recommend COVID-19 vaccination for all eligible children, along with boosters as per government guidelines. Our paediatric team is available for consultations on vaccination schedules and safety.</p><h2><strong>Preventive Measures Parents Can Take</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">1. Reinforce Hand Hygiene</p><p dir="ltr">Teach your child to:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.</li><li dir="ltr">Use hand sanitizer when washing isn't possible.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid touching their face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">2. Masking and Respiratory Etiquette</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Encourage your child to wear a well-fitting mask in crowded indoor spaces.</li><li dir="ltr">Teach them to cough or sneeze into their elbow or a tissue.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">3. Nutritious Diet and Hydration</p><p dir="ltr">A balanced diet strengthens immunity. Include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Fresh fruits and vegetables</li><li dir="ltr">Whole grains</li><li dir="ltr">Yogurt and other probiotics</li><li dir="ltr">Sufficient water intake</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid excess sugar and processed foods, which can lower immunity.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">4. Adequate Sleep and Stress Management</p><p dir="ltr">Sleep is crucial for immune function. Ensure your child gets:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">9–11 hours of sleep (for children aged 6–13)</li><li dir="ltr">Regular bedtime routines</li><li dir="ltr">Opportunities for outdoor play and emotional expression</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><strong>Is It Just a Cold? Or Something More?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Colds are common and typically mild. However, if your child develops a high fever, severe headache, earache, or a hacking cough, it could be a sign of a more serious infection.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">As kids head back to school, it’s important to know when they should stay home due to illness. For example, a mild cough without a fever is usually just a cold and doesn’t require staying home. But if your child has a fever, vomiting, pink eye, or a rash with fever, it’s best to keep them home and consult a doctor. Seasonal allergies, like a runny nose or itchy throat, are okay if the symptoms are mild. Knowing these signs helps keep everyone safe and healthy at school.</p><p dir="ltr">If in doubt, consult your paediatrician. Remember to encourage them to read the print version rather than the screen version while taking a rest at home</p><h2><strong>When to Visit Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">You should consult or visit our <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/speciality-departments/general-paediatrics">Pediatrics department </a>if&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Persistent fever for more than 3 days</li><li dir="ltr">Breathing difficulty</li><li dir="ltr">A severe or worsening cough</li><li dir="ltr">Dehydration signs (e.g., dry mouth, low urine output)</li><li dir="ltr">Rash with fever</li><li dir="ltr">Symptoms of COVID-19 or have tested positive</li><li dir="ltr">Complications from previous illnesses</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Our compassionate team ensures that your child receives safe, accurate, and timely care, minimizing school absences while maximizing recovery.</p>

Back to School, Not Back to Sickness: How Parents Can Keep Their Children Healthy

<p>The facts will stun you:</p><ul><li>One of the longest surgeries conducted in the region—a 3-day-long surgery</li><li>One of the biggest teams assembled (18 surgeons among others)</li><li>Reconstruction of the jaw with growth potential.</li></ul><p>Here, Dr. Moni Abraham Kuriakose shares with us how the team had to fight against severe challenges to save this child suffering from a tumor of the head and neck region.</p><p>Read on:</p><p>I love children. However, I hate to see them as patients. I took a flight from India to New York to spend time with my old friend, who was undergoing surgery at New York University Medical Center, where we both used to work&nbsp;over two decades ago. During this long flight, an incident that happened nearly 20 years ago flashed through my mind.</p><p>It was one of the patients we treated at the newly constituted Head and Neck Institute at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi. During the formative years of establishing the Center, I used to take this long flight, commuting between New York and Kochi.</p><p>It all started with a chance meeting with Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, Chancellor of Amrita University (Amma), during one of her discourses at Columbia University. I was serving Bellevue Hospital, New York, as Chief of Head and Neck Surgery and my colleague, Richard Cohan, was the radiation oncologist of the service.</p><p>Together, we both revived once an illustrious department served by legends like Hayes Martin, who developed radical neck dissection—a fundamental surgical procedure for head and neck cancer surgery over a century ago.</p><p>In the summer of 2002, during the discourse at Columbia University, Amma announced that she was planning to start a cancer center in Kochi at the newly established Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS) and solicited volunteers. Richard nudged me to explore. Amma introduced us to Ron Gottsagan, the then Administrative Director and Prem Nair, the Medical Director of AIMS.</p><h3><strong>The&nbsp;One-of-its-Kind&nbsp;Unit&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>We pitched the idea of starting a unit, the like of which does not exist anywhere in the world—with complementary medical expertise to manage complex problems of the head and neck region—we called it the "Head and Neck Institute".</p><p>We wanted to shift the focus of medical care from the “medical-speciality” approach to the “patient-first approach”. The Prem Nair-Ron Gottsegen duo, which managed the Amrita Institute, was willing to experiment.</p><p>We visualized this institute to be managed by different medical specialists like ENT, Plastic, Maxillofacial (relating to the mouth, jaw, face, and neck), surgical oncology (medical specialty that uses surgery to diagnose, treat, and manage cancer) and allied fields as radiation, medical oncology and palliative care (specialized medical care focused on improving the quality of life for individuals with serious illnesses, including cancer, by managing symptoms and side effects of the illness, and its treatments. It aims to relieve suffering by addressing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of care.</p><p>Suddenly, everything appeared to be falling in place as if this idea had a life of its own. Richard resigned from NYU and joined AIMS. Despite being the “doubting Thomas”, I took a year's leave from NYU, spending alternate months between Kochi and New York (I had to wind down my research lab).</p><h3><strong>The Power of&nbsp;Collaboration&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The concept of a "Head and Neck Institute" was to create a center that could nurture creativity, push the boundaries of what medicine could offer, create an ecosystem where all of us could test the boundaries of our capabilities, but enjoy the work. As the saying goes, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". Collectively, we strive to achieve more than what any of the members can achieve individually.</p><p>We also started a training program to create a cadre of surgeons who would expand and sustain the ideals. We wanted to create a team from diverse medical specialities aligned to solve complex clinical problems of the head and neck region, agnostic of the medical disciplines they are trained.</p><p>Then, it was a manhunt to identify the right people—Subramanya Iyer, a plastic surgeon, whom I met as a fellow trainee in St. Lawrence Hospital, Chepstow, the Welsh Center for Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, joined the team. Sherry Peter, a craniofacial surgeon trained in medicine and then dentistry, was already working at AIMS and was brought to the team.</p><p>Jerry Paul, a man with a Buddha demeanour, for whom nothing fazes, was assigned as the anaesthetist, and Valsamma and Lilly as nurses in charge of OT and ICU; Kavitha as the administrative assistant of the service.</p><p>We were ably supported by Dilip Panikar, a very talented neurosurgeon, and Manoj, a daring cardiovascular surgeon with always a smile on his face, even when blood hits the ceiling. Apart from Richard Cohan and TK Padmanabhan, leading radiation oncology, there was Pavithran, a very knowledgeable medical oncologist, Vijayakumar in surgical oncology and the legendary Rajagopal for pain and palliation.</p><p>As the wise person of the cancer service, he ensured that patients' interests are always kept at the heart of all we do. Andrew Fishman, a skull-base surgeon who worked with us in Bellevue Hospital and NYU, later joined the group.</p><p>The first trainee, Arun, an ENT surgeon serving as a coordinator of a clinical trial, was recruited from the corridors of AIMS, and then came Vikram, another ENT surgeon who was working in a primary health center near Nagpur.</p><p>As a new service with no patronage from any traditional medical speciality, we were scrounging for patients when a seven-year-old (same age as my daughter then) came to our new unit.She was earlier consulted by a world renownedworld-renowned craniofacial surgeon from the United States and deemed to have an inoperable tumor.</p><p>The child was suffering from a rare condition called fibromatosis. It is a progressive disorder where abnormal collagen fibers slowly invade normal structures, choke them, and make them dysfunctional. It is a relentless disorder with no effective treatment other than surgery.</p><p>During the young age, the child had already undergone two surgeries by the top two surgeons in Mumbai and consulted&nbsp;US surgeon as a last resort.</p><p>The child’s condition, then, was that the lesion had recurred in the right jaw and had gone inside the brain. More significantly, it had invaded the carotid artery supplying the brain.</p><p>Removing the artery was found to be fatal, hence the tumor inoperable. The disease and the scarring had distorted the growing face.</p><p>I quickly reviewed the previous records as well as studied the heaps of scans the child had undergone. Compared to my seven-year-old daughter, naughty, fidgety and always up to something mischievous, this child was drawn to herself, not even making eye contact.</p><p>As top doctors in the country and abroad expressed helplessness. Even for me, one look at the massive tumor of the jaw invading the brain, the System 1 reflexive thinking was activated, and I instantly closed the case.</p><p>However, at the Head and Neck Institute, we had laid down certain rules—a collective team decision would be followed, not an individual decision. We put up the case in the multidisciplinary tumor board.</p><p>As the brain was involved, we requested Dilip Panikar, Chief of Neurosurgery, to attend. He looked at the scans, as a reflex, declared the tumor inoperable. Then I noticed one thing—his eyes were focused on the tumor in the neck rather than in the brain, where he was supposed to focus.</p><p>I covered the neck part of the tumor in the scan and repeated the question—is it operable? He paused; the System 2 analytical thinking started functioning. “Yes, it is feasible”, he said.</p><p>I focused my attention only in the face and neck and said it was feasible to operate. Then I saw that the whole mood of the tumor board brightened. After all, everyone in the world wants to be successful.</p><h3><strong>Tumor removal and reconstruction&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>Removing the tumor is one thing, but reconstruction of the face and jaw is another major consideration, especially in a seven-year-old child with a growing face.</p><p>Dr Iyer, the plastic surgeon, suggested bone from the leg, however, it was less likely to grow. Dr Sherry Peter, who reconstructs jaws in children with impaired growth potential of the jaw, suggested the transfer of the growth centre from the rib. However, in tumor surgery, where all soft tissues along with blood flow are removed, it is unlikely to survive. In&nbsp;tumor surgery, not only the&nbsp;tumor but also the surrounding normal tissue is removed to ensure that the&nbsp;tumor is completely excised.</p><p>In cases of trauma, where one needs to repair only the bone, with the soft tissues being intact, the bone graft heals well. For healing, bone grafts take blood supply from adjacent normal tissues. However, in cancer surgery, a bone graft (bone without its blood supply) does not work.</p><p>Dr Iyer suggested that he could harvest the rib along with the growth center as well as the surrounding muscles and blood vessels, and reconstruct by microvascular surgery.</p><p>One of the trainees, who was up to date with the literature, asked whether it had been done anywhere in the world, in the past.</p><p>Dr Iyer, confident in his capabilities, said with his characteristic smile, “Well, this may be the first case in the world, but it is feasible.”</p><p>Then attention turned to Jerry Paul, our anesthesiologist, who needed to keep the child under anaesthesia for 2-3 days, the anticipated duration of the operation. Jerry, usually very conservative but extremely supportive, said, “Don’t worry about that part, that’s my responsibility”.</p><p>So, the four “feasible” combined and became the solution to a seemingly impossible problem. With a well-thought-out plan, the team started the operation on a Wednesday early morning.</p><p><strong>On Day 1:&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Dr Panikar had to free up the carotid artery in the brain from the tumor. The surgery could proceed only if this critical step could be completed. I gave exposure to the artery from the neck, and Dr Panikar patiently freed the artery.</p><p><strong>On Day 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p><p>With the help of Dr Panikar and the neurosurgery team, the head and neck group removed the tumor from the skull base, neck and jaw, well as the affected brain lining.</p><p><strong>On Day 3:&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Dr Iyer and team harvested and reconstructed the jaw with the growth center from the ribs, as well as rebuilt the missing skull through microvascular surgery.</p><p>The blood vessels in a 7-year-old child are less than 1-2 mm in size. To reconnect, the surgeons must use very tiny sutures that can be seen only with magnification of up to 20 times under a microscope.</p><h3><strong>New challenges and indomitable courage&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The child was shifted to the ICU. Dr Iyer’s team may have slept for a few hours when the call came from the ICU that the millimetre-sized blood vessels they had connected to the neck vessels may have been blocked.</p><p>In a skull-base surgery, a dead flap— a flap that failed to survive after being transferred from one part of the body to another, meaning the tissue did not receive adequate blood supply—is equal to a dead patient.</p><p>The brain floats in a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid. It is contained within a sheet called the dura mater. This also protects against infection from getting inside the brain.</p><p>In this child, we had to remove this protective covering and repair it with tissue harvested from elsewhere in the body. This repair will hold only when the supporting tissue used for reconstruction is viable. When the blood flow to the reconstructed tissue is lost, it affects the viability.</p><p>If the tissue is not viable, the repair of the dura mater will not hold, and the infection will get inside the brain, which is life-threatening.</p><p>The team quickly fixed the problem. Throughout the procedure, the support staff kept the family informed of the child’s progress.</p><p>The recovery About 10 days after admission, the child walked out of the hospital free of tumor, and the distorted jaw was reconstructed with a normal-looking face. As the referring surgeon advised, our team “kept an eye” on the child’s progress. We observed a miracle and the transformation of minds slowly unfolding in front of our eyes.</p><p>Within one month, the child could get back to school. Once healed, there were no major functional limitations. After the surgery rebuilt the missing skull, she started eating within a week; as well as talking, five days after surgery.</p><h3>Miracles do happen</h3><p>The jaw that Dr Iyer reconstructed grew like a normal jaw, creating a symmetrical face. This was the world’s first vascularized growth centre transfer anywhere in the world. (Vascularized means transferring a tissue from one part of the body with its blood supply and then reconnecting this blood vessel to the vessels in the neck.)</p><h3><strong>Grit and more grit&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The child had some difficulty raising her arms, which required physiotherapy. The scar on the neck, as she grew, became wider and required cosmetic surgery.</p><p>The reconstructed jaw did not have teeth. This was later inserted by the AIMS Head and Neck team.</p><h3><strong>The longest surgery at Amrita&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>This child may be the first patient cured of fibromatosis of the skull base. There were several other firsts in that surgery—it was the longest surgery at Amrita Hospital.</p><h3><strong>Several firsts in the surgery&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li>It was the surgery where the largest number of medical team was involved—about 18 surgeons and 8 anaesthesiologists, 20+ nurses, several technicians and many junior doctors and support staff.</li></ul><p>All the team members came back to their routine work the next day itself—no break. It was managed as any other surgery, and major , there was no public announcement in the media.</p><p>The “Head and Neck Institute” continues to excel..</p><p>The “Head and Neck and Plastic Surgery Institute of Amrita continues to excel to greater heights. Dr Iyer’s team has the record of performing the largest number of hand transplants in the world.</p><h3><strong>Courage is contagious: Spread it</strong></h3><p>We could also see transformation in the people around us. Dr Jatin Shah, former chief of the Head and Neck service of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, once commented that the Amrita Hospital Head and Neck training program is one of the best in the world.</p><p>The AIMS trainees now dispersed throughout the country, from Kashmir to Kochi, Gujarat to West Bengal, are transforming the Head and Neck oncology of the country.</p><p>Several surgeons from around the globe were trained at Amrita. Many are taking leadership positions, such as the President-elect of the International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.</p><p>I keep in touch with patients and their families. A few years back, I caught up with the child and her family in Mumbai. Once a shy introvert child, has now grown into a confident young adult. The occasion was to celebrate her admission to a university in Boston. My daughter, too, got admission to Northwestern University, Chicago.</p><p>We are happy that the child not only got cured of an incurable tumor, but is also excelling in life. When I met Richard in New York, I narrated the story of the child.</p><p>All this happened because one person dared to say "Yes" and to resign from a comfortable position at New York University, relocate his family, including the pet dog, to a foreign land, to plant a seed for a new idea.</p><h3><strong>System 2 Analytical Thinking at work&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>Renowned psychologist and Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman, in his famous book, "Thinking, Fast and Slow", talks of the brain being divided into two agents, called System 1 and System 2, which respectively produce fast and slow thinking. These can also be thought of as intuitive and deliberate thought.</p><h3><strong>System1 Reflexive Thinking</strong></h3><p>Often means being quick to act. It is an immediate reaction, though important to overcome dangers, when overwhelmed by challenges, it may freeze thinking.</p><h3><strong>System 2 Analytical Thinking&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>On the other hand, the solution to complex problems needs analytical thinking, coupled with systematic execution. This surgery and the collaboration it brought about highlight the net results of System 2 Analytical Thinking when working together as a team.</p><p>Dr Moni Abraham says, “We strive to incorporate the incremental-to-exponential thinking approach of our advisor, Vivek Wadhwa. Here, the concept of ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’ is apt.”</p><h3><strong>About</strong></h3><p>Dr. Moni Abraham Kuriakose, formerly Professor and Chairman of the Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Kochi, is currently serving as the Medical Director and CEO of Kerala Operations at Karkinos Healthcare, Kochi.</p><p>He plans to establish the “Center for Complex Cancer” in Kochi, where no cancer would be regarded as incurable for&nbsp;lack of effort.</p><p>If there are no solutions on the globe, we shall strive to create one, keeping the “patient-first approach”. He believes it is not the infrastructure or personnel that matter, it is the approach to solve seemingly impossible problems—collectively and systematically.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Dr. Moni Abraham Kuriakose Remembers How Nearly 40-member At Amrita Hospital Performed A 3-day-long Surgery To Save A 7-year-old Girl

<p dir="ltr">Birthing a child into the world should be a moment of joy and hope, not risk and uncertainty. Yet, for millions of women, especially in low-income and developing regions, childbirth remains a life-threatening experience. The global statistics reveal that preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth remain a significant cause of newborn deaths and maternal mortality, especially in developing nations. This stark disparity underscores the urgent need to prioritise and improve access to quality healthcare for expectant mothers and their babies worldwide.</p><p dir="ltr">This blog explores the critical factors that contribute to safe births, the leading causes of maternal and neonatal deaths, and practical measures that can dramatically improve outcomes for mothers and babies worldwide.</p><h2><strong>Importance of Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Care</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Safe births are not just about home births, but rather the overall environment and care surrounding the birth process. While home births may seem like a more natural option, the leading causes of newborn deaths and maternal mortality are often preventable with proper care and medical facilities.</p><p dir="ltr">Despite significant progress made by developed countries in reducing maternal and child mortality rates, the situation remains a pressing challenge in developing countries. Africa and South Asia account for 86% of maternal deaths globally, highlighting the gap in healthcare access between these regions and high-income countries. A woman in a low-income country is 50 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications than her counterpart in a high-income country. Only 60% of women in these regions receive adequate prenatal care, and this often results in devastating consequences for both mother and child.</p><h2><strong>Leading Causes of Maternal and Neonatal Deaths</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The primary causes of neonatal deaths include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Premature birth</li><li dir="ltr">Birth complications</li><li dir="ltr">Infections</li><li dir="ltr">Genetic defects</li></ul><p dir="ltr">More than half of these deaths can be attributed to a lack of basic medical facilities and trained healthcare professionals. Without proper postnatal care, the risk of complications and infant mortality rises significantly. For mothers, malnutrition is another significant factor, leading to low birth weight and premature births, which in turn increases the risk of neonatal complications.</p><h2><strong>What Can Be Done?</strong></h2><h3><strong>Regular Check-ups and Prenatal Care</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Mothers-to-be should visit their doctors regularly, at least once a month, to monitor both maternal and fetal health. Regular check-ups help in early detection of complications, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or fetal distress, which can be managed effectively with timely interventions.</p><h3><strong>Proper Nutrition</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Educating mothers about proper nutrition is vital. Eating the right amount of leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, and grains ensures that both the mother and the baby get essential nutrients. A well-balanced diet improves the chances of a healthier pregnancy and birth outcome.</p><h3><strong>Awareness of Danger Signs</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Mothers should be informed about the common danger signs during pregnancy, including excessive swelling, severe headaches, or bleeding, and should seek medical attention immediately if any of these occur. Understanding physical and mental changes during pregnancy, and knowing what to expect each month, can help ensure that potential problems are addressed quickly.</p><h3><strong>Births in Hospitals</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Hospital births under expert supervision are much safer. Obstetricians, nurses, and medical equipment in hospitals can provide immediate care in case of any complications. Cesarean sections should not be performed unnecessarily due to fear of pain. Both epidural anesthesia and non-invasive pain relief methods are available to manage discomfort during labor, ensuring safe delivery while minimizing risks to both mother and child.</p><h3><strong>Improve Personal Hygiene</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Infections are a leading cause of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. By maintaining proper personal hygiene, cleanliness, and sterile environments, we can significantly reduce the risk of infection.</p><h3><strong>Postpartum Care and Support</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Postnatal care is just as important as prenatal care. Mothers and newborns should receive at least three postnatal check-ups within the first six weeks after birth to monitor their health and well-being. Postpartum hemorrhage, infections, and mental health issues such as postpartum depression should be carefully addressed.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Breastfeeding</strong> plays a crucial role in the health of the newborn. It should be exclusively practiced for the first six months, with complementary nutritious foods introduced afterward. Breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and antibodies to the baby and supports emotional bonding. It's vital to avoid foods containing artificial colors or sweeteners that may harm both mother and baby.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Experience a Safe Birthing at Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Safe births are a fundamental right and not a privilege. From prenatal check-ups and nutrition to hospital deliveries and postpartum support, each step plays a crucial role in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Strengthening healthcare systems, spreading awareness, and ensuring that every woman receives timely and adequate care is a moral imperative, more than just a medical need.</p><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital, Kochi, stands by every mother, offering expert-led prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care to meet your needs. Book your consultation today and take the first step toward a safe, supported, and healthy birth experience.</p>

Why Is Safe Birthing Crucial for the Flourishing Future of Mother and the Newborn?

<p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is a rare but serious condition in which abnormal proteins, called amyloid, build up in organs and tissues, affecting their ability to function. Since the symptoms can mimic other common diseases, amyloidosis is frequently misdiagnosed, leading to delays in treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At the Amrita Amyloid Center, we are dedicated to advancing awareness, diagnosis, and treatment of amyloidosis. This blog will help you understand what amyloidosis is, how it affects the body, and why early diagnosis is critical.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Amyloidosis?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis occurs when misfolded proteins form deposits (amyloid) in different organs, disrupting their normal function. This disease can affect one or multiple organs, including the heart, kidneys, nerves, liver, and digestive system. If left untreated, amyloidosis can cause organ failure and life-threatening complications.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Types of Amyloidosis&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">There are several types of amyloidosis, each with different causes and treatment approaches:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AL Amyloidosis (Light Chain Amyloidosis) – Caused by abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow producing faulty proteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;ATTR Amyloidosis (Transthyretin Amyloidosis) – Due to a protein called transthyretin (TTR) misfolding. This can be hereditary (mutant ATTR) or related to aging (wild-type ATTR).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">AA Amyloidosis – Linked to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Localized Amyloidosis – Affects a single organ, like the bladder or lungs.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Each type of amyloidosis requires different treatments, so accurate diagnosis is essential.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Recognizing the Symptoms: Early Warning Signs&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is often called a "silent disease" because its symptoms develop slowly and resemble those of other conditions. Here are some warning signs to look out for:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">a. Unexplained fatigue and weight loss&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">b. Swelling in the legs (edema)&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">c.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shortness of breath with mild activity&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">d.&nbsp;&nbsp;Foamy urine (a sign of kidney involvement)&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">e.&nbsp;&nbsp;Numbness, tingling, or burning pain in the hands and feet&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">f.&nbsp;&nbsp;Easy bruising or purple spots around the eyes&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">g.&nbsp;&nbsp;Irregular heartbeats or dizziness&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If these symptoms persist or worsen, it’s important to get tested for amyloidosis, especially if you have heart, kidney, or nerve problems that don't have a clear cause.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why is Amyloidosis Often Misdiagnosed?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Since amyloidosis symptoms can mimic heart failure, kidney disease, neuropathy, or liver problems, it is frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed. Many patients go years without a correct diagnosis, leading to delays in treatment. Raising awareness among both patients and doctors can help in detecting this condition earlier.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How is Amyloidosis Diagnosed?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Doctors use a combination of blood tests, imaging, and biopsies to confirm amyloidosis. Key diagnostic steps include:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Blood and urine tests – To check for abnormal proteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Heart imaging (Echocardiogram, Cardiac MRI) – To detect amyloid in the heart.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Biopsy (fat pad, kidney, or heart tissue) – To confirm amyloid deposits.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Genetic testing – To check for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Early diagnosis can make a huge difference in treatment outcomes!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Amyloidosis and the Heart&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">One of the most dangerous forms of amyloidosis affects the heart, leading to cardiac amyloidosis. In this condition, amyloid protein makes the heart walls thick and stiff, reducing the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. Symptoms of cardiac amyloidosis include:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Shortness of breath&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Swelling in the legs and abdomen&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Fainting or dizziness&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Cardiac amyloidosis is often mistaken for regular heart failure, but it requires different treatment strategies. If you have heart failure that is not improving with standard treatment, consider getting tested for amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment Options: Can Amyloidosis Be Treated?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Yes! While amyloidosis cannot be completely cured, modern treatments can slow its progression and improve quality of life. Treatment depends on the type of amyloidosis:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AL Amyloidosis → Treated with chemotherapy and targeted drugs to stop the faulty proteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;ATTR Amyloidosis → Managed with Tafamidis (a stabilizer) or gene-silencing therapies (Patisiran, Vutrisiran, Inotersen).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AA Amyloidosis → Treated by controlling the underlying inflammatory disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">For some patients, organ transplants (heart or kidney) may be considered in advanced cases.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>New Breakthroughs in Amyloidosis Research&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The field of amyloidosis treatment is advancing rapidly! Some of the latest breakthroughs include:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Monoclonal antibody therapies – These drugs help remove amyloid deposits from organs.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Gene-silencing drugs – New treatments can block the production of faulty proteins in ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AI-based heart scans and ECG analysis – Artificial intelligence is helping doctors detect cardiac amyloidosis earlier.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">These advances offer hope to patients, making early detection and specialized care more important than ever.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who is at Risk?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Although amyloidosis is rare, certain groups are at higher risk:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;People over 60, especially for ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Individuals with hematological disorders – plasma cell disorders</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Patients with unexplained heart failure that doesn’t respond to standard treatments.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">People with a family history of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Individuals with chronic inflammation (for AA amyloidosis).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Since many cases go undiagnosed, awareness and early testing are key to improving outcomes!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Final Thoughts: Don’t Ignore the Symptoms!&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is a serious but manageable disease when caught early. If you or a loved one have unexplained heart, kidney, or nerve problems, ask your doctor about amyloidosis. With new treatments available, early diagnosis can be life-changing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At the Amrita Amyloid Center, we are dedicated to providing expert care, cutting-edge diagnostics, and advanced treatments for amyloidosis patients. If you have concerns, don’t wait—reach out to a specialist today!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>FAQ</strong></h2><p>1. What should I do if I suspect I have amyloidosis?&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If you have symptoms like persistent fatigue, swelling, nerve pain, or heart failure, see a doctor familiar with amyloidosis. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.</p><p dir="ltr">2. Is amyloidosis hereditary?&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Some types, like hereditary ATTR amyloidosis, run in families. If you have a family history of amyloidosis, talk to your doctor about genetic testing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">3. How common is amyloidosis?&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is rare, but experts believe it may be underdiagnosed. Certain groups are at higher risk:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">People over 60 (for ATTR amyloidosis)&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Patients with unexplained heart failure&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Those with chronic inflammation or blood disorders&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">4. What are the treatment options for amyloidosis?&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">AL Amyloidosis → Treated with chemotherapy and targeted drugs to stop the faulty proteins.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">ATTR Amyloidosis → Treated with medications that stabilize the transthyretin protein (Tafamidis) or gene-silencing drugs (Patisiran, Vutrisiran, Inotersen).&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">AA Amyloidosis → Treated by controlling the underlying inflammatory disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">5. What are the latest advancements in amyloidosis treatment?&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Monoclonal antibodies (CAEL-101, PRX004) to clear amyloid deposits.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Next-generation gene therapies to block amyloid formation.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">AI-based heart scans and ECG analysis for early detection.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Amyloidosis: A Rare but Serious Disease 

<p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders worldwide, affecting people of all ages. Despite its prevalence, epilepsy remains misunderstood and sometimes feared due to a lack of awareness about what it really is. This blog aims to provide a clear understanding of epilepsy, from its definition and symptoms to its treatment options and prevention strategies.</p><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is not a single condition but a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. These seizures happen when normal brain activity is disrupted by sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances. While epilepsy can certainly present challenges, many people with this condition lead full, active lives with proper treatment and management.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Epilepsy?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder that causes repeated seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can affect a person’s movement, behaviour, emotions, and even consciousness.</p><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is typically diagnosed when a person has had at least two unprovoked seizures (seizures that are not triggered by identifiable events such as low blood sugar, alcohol withdrawal, or high fever).</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How Epilepsy Affects Daily Life and Overall Health</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy can significantly impact a person's life. Seizures can occur unexpectedly, leading to injuries, social stigma, and limitations in activities like driving or swimming. The unpredictability of seizures can also cause anxiety and stress. Furthermore, some individuals with epilepsy may experience cognitive difficulties, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances, affecting their overall well-being.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What are the Types of Epilepsies and Their Seizure Symptoms?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsies are of different types, each with its own set of symptoms. Here are some of the most common types:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Focal Seizures:</strong> These begin in one specific part of the brain and may cause unusual sensations or movements in one part of the body. The most common focal seizures are:<ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Temporal Lobe Seizures:</strong> These begin in the temporal lobes of the brain. These are often accompanied by an aura and can cause strange sensations, déjà vu, or changes in emotions.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Frontal Lobe Seizures:</strong> These begin in the front of the brain, which controls the movements. This type of epilepsy often occurs during sleep, causing jerky movements or shouting.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Occipital Lobe Seizures:</strong> These seizures begin in the occipital lobe area of the brain, which is related to vision. It may lead to visual disturbances like flashing lights, blind spots, and hallucinations.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Generalised Seizures:&nbsp;</strong>Generalised seizures involve both sides of the brain and can cause loss of consciousness and muscle stiffness or jerking movements.<ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Absence Seizures:</strong> These are typically seen in children. The common symptoms are brief, sudden lapses in awareness. These seizures may occur in clusters.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tonic Seizures:</strong> These seizures can cause stiffness of muscles and may affect consciousness.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Atonic Seizures:</strong> Also known as drop seizures, they can cause a loss of muscle control, resulting in falls or head drops.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Clonic Seizures:</strong> These seizures are associated with repeated or rhythmic jerking muscle movements.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Myoclonic Seizures:</strong> These usually appear with sudden, brief jerks or twitches in muscles.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tonic-Clonic Seizures:</strong> Also known as grand mal seizures, these cause intense muscle contractions and loss of consciousness.</li></ul></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Are Seizure Triggers?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Certain factors can increase the likelihood of seizures in people with epilepsy, including:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Stress</li><li dir="ltr">Lack of sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Flashing lights (photosensitive epilepsy)</li><li dir="ltr">Fever or illness</li><li dir="ltr">Alcohol or drug use</li><li dir="ltr">Missed medications</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal changes</li><li dir="ltr">Dehydration</li><li dir="ltr">Skipped meals</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms and Causes</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Epilepsy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Sudden, involuntary muscle movements</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of unconsciousness or awareness</li><li dir="ltr">Uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs</li><li dir="ltr">Confusion or staring spells</li><li dir="ltr">Temporary loss of speech</li><li dir="ltr">Stiffness of muscles</li><li dir="ltr">Fear, anxiety, or deja vu in certain cases</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes of Epilepsy:&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Genetic factors</li><li dir="ltr">Brain injury or trauma</li><li dir="ltr">Stroke or brain infections</li><li dir="ltr">Developmental disorders such as autism</li><li dir="ltr">Brain tumours</li><li dir="ltr">ADHD</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Diagnosis and Tests</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Assessment of symptoms, past medical conditions, and family history.</li><li dir="ltr">EEG to measure the electrical activity in the brain to detect any abnormal patterns that indicate epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr">MRIs and CT scans provide detailed images of the brain to identify abnormalities like tumours, strokes, or structural issues.</li><li dir="ltr">Blood tests help rule out infections, metabolic conditions, or genetic disorders that might cause seizures.</li><li dir="ltr">Video EEG monitoring helps in recording the brain activity and physical symptoms simultaneously to capture seizure episodes.</li><li dir="ltr">Neuropsychological testing evaluates cognitive function to identify areas of brain impairment caused by epilepsy.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">In some cases, provocative tests like flashing lights or hyperventilation are used to trigger seizures during evaluation.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Management and Treatment</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy can be managed with proper treatment, allowing many patients to lead a normal life.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medications</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the primary treatment for epilepsy. These medications help control seizures by stabilising brain activities. About 70% of cases are successfully managed through medications.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Surgical Options</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">When medications don’t adequately control seizures, surgery might be an option. Surgical approaches include resective surgery, laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), corpus callosotomy, and hemispherectomy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Neurostimulation Devices</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">These devices work by sending electrical impulses to the brain to reduce seizure activity. The common techniques include vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS).</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Dietary Therapies</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The most common dietary therapies include the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index diet.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lifestyle Management</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Beyond medical treatments, certain lifestyle changes can help manage epilepsy, such as getting regular sleep, managing stress, avoiding triggers, doing regular exercise, and limiting the intake of alcohol.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Prevention of Epilepsy</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While it's not always possible to prevent epilepsy, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it and to prevent seizures in those who already have the condition.&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Epilepsy</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Prenatal Care:&nbsp;</strong>Good prenatal care, including proper nutrition and avoiding infections during pregnancy, can help prevent brain development problems that might lead to epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Head Protection:</strong> Using seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and other protective gear can prevent head injuries that might cause epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Reducing Stroke Risk:&nbsp;</strong>Managing conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can lower the risk of stroke, which can cause epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Infections:&nbsp;</strong>Vaccinations against diseases like meningitis and proper hygiene can prevent infections that might lead to epilepsy.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Seizures in People with Epilepsy</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medication Adherence:&nbsp;</strong>Taking anti-seizure medications exactly as prescribed is crucial for preventing seizures.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Identifying and Avoiding Triggers:&nbsp;</strong>Keeping a seizure diary can help identify specific triggers to avoid.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Regular Medical Check-ups:&nbsp;</strong>Regular visits to a healthcare provider allow for adjustments to treatment plans as needed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle:&nbsp;</strong>Regular sleep, balanced nutrition, exercise, and stress management are all important.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Safety Precautions:&nbsp;</strong>Taking steps to ensure safety during activities like swimming, bathing, or using machinery can prevent injuries if a seizure occurs.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">While these measures can help reduce the risk and frequency of seizures, it's important to remember that epilepsy is often unpredictable, and seizures may still occur despite the best prevention efforts.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Choose Amrita Hospital for Epilepsy Treatment?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">When seeking care for epilepsy, choosing the right healthcare facility can make a significant difference in outcomes and quality of life. Amrita Hospital stands out as a <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/neurosciences/amrita-advanced-centre-epilepsy">centre of excellence for epilepsy treatment</a> for several reasons:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Expertise in Neurology and Epilepsy Management</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital has a team of highly qualified neurologists and epileptologists who specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. With years of experience and continuous education in the latest advancements, our specialists are equipped to handle even the most complex cases of epilepsy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Advanced Diagnostic Facilities</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Our hospital is equipped with the most advanced technology for accurate diagnosis, including advanced EEG monitoring, high-resolution MRI, functional neuroimaging, and genetic testing.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Multidisciplinary Approach</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy care at Amrita Hospital involves a team of specialists working together for the patient’s recovery. Neurologists and epileptologists focus on diagnosis and medical management, while neurosurgeons handle surgical treatments when needed. Neuroradiologists interpret brain scans, and neuropsychologists provide cognitive assessments and support. Dietitians oversee ketogenic diet plans, and rehabilitation specialists work to enhance function and independence.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Personalised Treatment Plan</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Each person with epilepsy is unique, with different types of seizures, responses to medications, and life circumstances. So, our approach is to develop individualised treatment plans that consider all aspects of a patient’s condition and life situations.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Patient Care, Education, and Follow-Up</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Beyond providing medical treatment, Amrita Hospital emphasises educating the patient and their family about epilepsy, seizure first aid, and self-management strategies. We also ensure that ongoing monitoring and treatment adjustments are done as needed.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Choosing Amrita Hospital for epilepsy care means having access to comprehensive, compassionate, and sophisticated treatment that addresses not just the seizures but the whole person.</p><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is a complex brain disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. While it presents challenges, with proper diagnosis, treatment, and management, most people with epilepsy can lead full, active lives. The key to managing epilepsy effectively lies in understanding the condition, working closely with healthcare providers, and being proactive about treatment and lifestyle adjustments.</p><p dir="ltr">It's also important to address the stigma and misconceptions surrounding epilepsy through education and awareness. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the outlook for people with epilepsy continues to improve as medical science advances.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>How common is epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting around 50 million people worldwide, i.e., 1 in 26 people. It can develop at any age but is more frequently diagnosed in young children and older adults.</p><ol start="2"><li dir="ltr"><strong>What happens in your brain when you have epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy occurs when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In epilepsy, the communication between brain cells is disrupted, leading to a sudden burst of excessive electrical activity.&nbsp;</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><strong>How to avoid epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">While epilepsy cannot always be prevented, certain steps can reduce the risk, such as preventing head injuries, managing infections, avoiding excessive use of alcohol or drugs, and maintaining good prenatal care.</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr"><strong>What is the cause of epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy can have multiple causes, including genetic factors, brain injuries, developmental disorders, brain tumours, structural abnormalities, etc.</p><ol start="5"><li dir="ltr"><strong>&nbsp;Can stress cause epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Stress does not directly cause epilepsy, but it can trigger seizures in people with epilepsy. Emotional stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep can lower the brain’s threshold for seizures. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, mindfulness, and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce seizure risks.</p>

Epilepsy - Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

<p dir="ltr">Hormonal imbalances are becoming increasingly common among young people today, leading to a wide range of health issues. However, by making&nbsp;<strong>simple lifestyle changes</strong> and choosing the&nbsp;<strong>right diet</strong>, it’s possible to bring your body back into balance and live a healthier, happier life.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Are Hormones So Important?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Hormones influence everything from your&nbsp;mood and metabolism to reproductive health and energy levels. In women especially, a hormone imbalance can lead to&nbsp;irregular periods, weight gain, acne, fatigue, and conditions like&nbsp;PCOS or thyroid disorders.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Causes Hormonal Imbalance?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Our&nbsp;modern lifestyle and eating habits are major culprits. High intake of&nbsp;sugar, processed foods, artificial additives, and low-fiber diets can disrupt gut health, which is closely linked to hormone production. Over time, this can lead to issues like&nbsp;inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, and leaky gut syndrome, all of which affect hormonal balance.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Foods That Help Balance Hormones</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Healthy Fats: The Foundation of Hormone Health</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Your body needs&nbsp;<strong>good fats</strong> to make hormones. These include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Virgin Coconut Oil</strong> – Boosts metabolism and supports thyroid function</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Nuts like almonds and walnuts</strong> – Rich in omega-3s and monounsaturated fats</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avocados</strong> – Support insulin regulation and reproductive hormones</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Protein Power</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Proteins are essential for hormone production, especially&nbsp;<strong>insulin and thyroid hormones</strong>. Include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Legumes (peas, beans, green grams)</strong> – Maintain blood sugar levels</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Eggs, fish, chicken</strong> – High-quality animal proteins</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Yogurt, paneer, cheese</strong> – Offer probiotics for gut health</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Identify and eliminate any food allergies to ensure your body absorbs proteins efficiently.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Fiber for More Than Digestion</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Fiber doesn’t just aid digestion—it also helps&nbsp;<strong>control blood sugar and estrogen levels</strong>.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Whole grains, leafy greens, and traditional foods</strong> like&nbsp;<strong>millets, red rice, and drumstick</strong> are rich sources.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Oats, fruits, and legumes</strong> slow glucose absorption, reducing insulin spikes.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Natural Ways to Support Hormones</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Antioxidant-Rich Foods</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Turmeric (Curcumin)</strong> – Supports liver detox and reduces inflammation</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Gooseberry, pomegranate, blueberries</strong> – High in vitamin C and polyphenols, reduce cortisol and improve sleep</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Probiotics and Prebiotics</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Yogurt, buttermilk, fermented batters (idli/dosa)</strong> – Encourage good gut bacteria</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Banana, garlic, onion</strong> – Act as prebiotics, nourishing gut flora and enhancing hormone balance</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What to Avoid for Hormone Health</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Refined sugars and processed carbs</strong> – Spike insulin and worsen PCOS symptoms</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Caffeine-loaded drinks</strong> – Overstimulate adrenal glands and disrupt cortisol levels</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Artificial preservatives and additives</strong> – Act as endocrine disruptors, mimicking natural hormones and causing imbalance</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Small Changes That Make a Big Difference</strong></h2><ol><li><p dir="ltr">Include&nbsp;healthy fats, protein, and fiber in every meal</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Choose&nbsp;nuts and seeds over packaged snacks</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Prioritize&nbsp;vegetables and grains at dinner</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Try herbal teas like&nbsp;ginger or turmeric tea instead of excess coffee</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Practice&nbsp;yoga, get enough sleep, walk daily, and follow&nbsp;Ayurvedic routines for holistic support</p></li></ol><p>You don’t need extreme diets or complicated routines to restore your hormone health. With&nbsp;<strong>a balanced diet, mindful living, and small consistent changes</strong>, you can manage mood, energy, menstruation, and overall well-being.&nbsp;</p>

The Impact of Nutrition in Hormonal Health

<p dir="ltr">Colorectal cancer, commonly referred to as colon cancer, is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While it primarily affects individuals over the age of 50, younger adults are increasingly being diagnosed with the disease. The good news is that colorectal cancer is highly preventable and treatable when detected early through regular screening.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Screening plays a crucial role in identifying precancerous polyps and early-stage cancer before symptoms appear. Advanced screening techniques have significantly reduced mortality rates by enabling early detection and timely intervention. By understanding the symptoms and available screening options, individuals can take steps to safeguard their health.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If you are over 45 or have a family history of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, it is essential to discuss screening options with your healthcare provider. Early detection can make all the difference.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Colon Cancer</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Abdominal pain or cramping</li><li dir="ltr">Blood in stool or rectal bleeding</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation</li><li dir="ltr">Unexplained weight loss</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue and anemia</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of appetite</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider promptly.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How to Screen for Colon Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Screening methods include:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Colonoscopy</strong>:&nbsp;</h3><p>A comprehensive test recommended for individuals aged 45 and older.</p><p>If there is a family history of colon cancer, start screening 10 years before the age of diagnosis in the affected relative.</p><p dir="ltr">Colonoscopy is the gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer and precancerous polyps.&nbsp; It also allows doctors to visualize the entire colon and rectum, identifying abnormalities that other tests might miss.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">During the procedure, doctors can remove precancerous polyps, preventing them from developing into cancer. &nbsp; Colonoscopy helps to detect cancer at an early stage when it's most treatable.</p><h3><strong>Other Screening Methods</strong>:</h3><p>Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)&nbsp;or&nbsp;Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT):&nbsp;Annual tests to detect hidden blood in stool. Main advantages are that it is&nbsp;noninvasive, simple and can be done at home</p><p dir="ltr">To Remember:&nbsp;<strong>Before the Test (3 days prior)</strong>:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Avoid red meat: Do not consume red meat (beef, lamb, pork) for 3 days before the test. This is because red meat can cause a false positive result due to the blood in the meat.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid certain fruits and vegetables: Some foods, like turnips, radishes, melons, broccoli, and cauliflower, can interfere with the test and should be avoided for a few days before.</li><li dir="ltr">Limit Vitamin C</li></ul><h3><strong>Flexible Sigmoidoscopy</strong>:&nbsp;</h3><p>Recommended every 5 years. Preferably people who are screened with sigmoidoscopy should be tested annually with FIT.&nbsp; It is Less invasive. Sigmoidoscopy examines only the lower portion of the colon, making it less invasive than a colonoscopy. It is a short procedure compared to colonoscopy and doesn’t require sedation. However it see only the lower part of colon misses the rest. An abnormality detected during sigmoidoscopy needs follow up with colonoscopy.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>CT Colonography</strong>:&nbsp;</h3><p>A non-invasive alternative performed every 5 years. It is noninvasive and has good accuracy but can miss small polyps and some abnormalities. It is better to do as part of a comprehensive screening process.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Screening Intervals by Age</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr">Ages 50-75</h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Annual FIT/FOBT</strong>: To identify early signs of cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Colonoscopy</strong>: Every 10 years for detailed examination.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sigmoidoscopy</strong>: Every 5 years.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Ages 45-50</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Screening is strongly advised for individuals in this age group.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Individuals with Family History of Colon Cancer</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Begin screening 10 years earlier than the age of diagnosis in the affected family member.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Over 75 Years Old</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Screening should be personalized based on the individual’s health and life expectancy.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Take Control of Your Health with Regular Screenings</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Colon cancer is a major health concern, but the good news is that it is highly preventable and treatable when detected early. Regular screenings such as colonoscopy, FIT/FOBT, sigmoidoscopy and CT colonography play a crucial role in early diagnosis, significantly reducing the risk of advanced colorectal cancer. If you are in your late forties or have a family history of colon cancer or experience any symptoms, it is essential to discuss your screening options with a healthcare professional.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Take a proactive step toward your health today! Schedule your screening at Amrita Hospital and <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/cancer-centre">consult our expert team</a> for personalised guidance. Book your appointment now!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

Understanding Colorectal Cancer and the Need for Screening

<p dir="ltr">Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women, with its incidence steadily rising, particularly in younger populations. Despite significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment, early detection remains critical in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Understanding the risk factors, adopting preventive measures, and adhering to recommended screening guidelines can significantly reduce the impact of this disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">This blog provides an in-depth look at the causes of breast cancer, evidence-based prevention strategies, and the importance of early detection through proper screening protocols. By understanding risk factors—ranging from genetic predispositions to lifestyle choices—and implementing appropriate preventive measures, we can reduce the occurrence of this disease.</p><h2><strong>Causes</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Hereditary- about 5-10% of breast cancers are hereditary, due to mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Prolonged exposure to estrogen elevates breast cancer risk- eg. Early menarche (before age 12), late menopause (after 55), nulliparity, and delayed first childbirth.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, particularly combined estrogen-progesterone regimens&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Postmenopausal obesity (elevates risk by 20–40%)&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Alcohol intake and smoking&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Chest radiation before age 30 (e.g., for Hodgkin’s lymphoma)</li><li dir="ltr">Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (Eg. bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates- increases the risk</li></ul><h2><strong>Prevention</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Maintaining an ideal body mass index (BMI)&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid alcohol and smoking</li><li dir="ltr">Engage in regular exercise (at least 150minuts/week)</li><li dir="ltr">Tamoxifen reduces breast cancer risk in high-risk women</li><li dir="ltr">Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA carriers</li></ul><h2><strong>Symptoms of Breast Cancer</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Painless lumps in the breast or armpit</li><li dir="ltr">Inverted nipples</li><li dir="ltr">Bloody discharge from the nipple</li><li dir="ltr">Unusual changes in breast shape or size or changes in the skin</li><li dir="ltr">Swelling of the upper limbs</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If any of these symptoms are present, consult a doctor immediately.</p><h2><strong>How to Screen for Breast Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Breast cancer screening includes:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Breast Self-Examination (BSE)</strong>: Regularly checking for lumps or abnormalities at home.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physician-Assisted Examination</strong>: Conducted during routine medical check-ups.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Mammograms</strong>: The most effective method for early breast cancer detection.</li></ol><p dir="ltr">If abnormalities are detected, an oncologist may recommend further testing or a biopsy.</p><h2><strong>Screening Guidelines by Risk Level</strong></h2><h3><strong>For Average Risk Individuals (Lifetime Risk &lt;15%)</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ages 50-70</strong>: Mammogram every 1-2 years.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ages 40-50</strong>: Screening may be considered depending on individual health and risk factors.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ages 70+</strong>: Mammograms recommended only for women with a life expectancy of at least 10 years.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Below 40</strong>: Routine screening is generally not advised unless risk factors are present.</li></ul><h3><strong>For High-Risk Individuals (Lifetime Risk &gt;20%)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Includes:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation carriers.</li><li dir="ltr">First-degree relatives of BRCA gene mutation carriers.</li><li dir="ltr">Individuals who underwent chest radiation therapy between ages 10 and 30.</li><li dir="ltr">Those with hereditary conditions like&nbsp;<strong>Li-Fraumeni Syndrome</strong>.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Recommendations:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Begin screening at age 25.</li><li>Annual&nbsp;<strong>MRI mammograms</strong> are advised in addition to physical exams.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Be Proactive About Your Breast Health with Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</a> is a growing health concern, but with awareness, early detection, and proactive prevention, its impact can be significantly reduced. Understanding the risk factors—both genetic and lifestyle-related—empowers individuals to make informed choices about their health. Regular screening, particularly for high-risk individuals, plays a crucial role in early diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">By adopting a healthy lifestyle, staying vigilant about symptoms, and following regular screenings, we can take meaningful steps toward reducing breast cancer risk. If you notice any warning signs or have concerns about your risk, consulting a healthcare professional is essential. Early detection saves lives—stay informed, stay proactive, and prioritize your health.</p><p dir="ltr">Consult with the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/cancer-centre">experts at Amrita Hospital</a> to assess your risk and create a personalized screening plan. Book your appointment today and take a step toward better breast health!</p>

Breast Cancer: Understanding Causes, Prevention, and Early Detection  

<p dir="ltr">Mental health is a vital aspect of overall well-being, yet many conditions remain misunderstood.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder">Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)</a>, previously known as multiple personality disorder, is one such condition often clouded by myths and misconceptions. Addressing these misunderstandings is crucial for fostering mental health awareness and reducing the stigma surrounding DID.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">DID is a complex mental health condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states within one individual. Each identity, referred to as an “alter,” may have its own behaviors, memories, and thought patterns. People with DID may also experience:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Amnesia:</strong> Gaps in memory that occur due to separate identities controlling behavior at different times.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Detachment:</strong> Feeling disconnected from reality or as though watching oneself from the outside.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">DID often develops as a coping mechanism for severe trauma or abuse during childhood, allowing the individual to dissociate from distressing experiences.</p><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital</strong>, our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/psychiatry-and-clinical-psychology/psychiatry-and-behavior-medicine">specialized mental health counselling and psychiatry services</a> aim to provide accurate information and compassionate care for individuals living with mental health challenges. Let’s explore the realities of DID by separating myths from facts and promoting understanding.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Myths vs. Facts About Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 1: Dissociative Identity Disorder Is Extremely Rare</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is more common than many believe. While its prevalence is low compared to other mental health disorders, DID affects a significant number of individuals worldwide.</p><p dir="ltr">Misconceptions about DID’s rarity often stem from underdiagnosis and confusion with other conditions. Early recognition of symptoms is key to timely intervention and effective treatment.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 2: People with DID Are Violent</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> People with DID are no more violent than the general population.</p><p dir="ltr">The portrayal of DID in media, especially in films and TV shows, has perpetuated the false notion that individuals with DID are dangerous. In reality, people with DID are often victims of trauma and are more likely to harm themselves than others.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 3: DID Is the Same as Schizophrenia</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID and schizophrenia are distinct mental health conditions.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">DID involves multiple identities or alters coexisting within one person.</li><li dir="ltr">Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">These differences underscore the importance of accurate diagnosis and treatment tailored to the specific condition.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 4: DID Is Just a Personality Disorder</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is a dissociative disorder, not a personality disorder.</p><p dir="ltr">Dissociative disorders, like DID, are marked by disruptions in identity, memory, and self-perception. Personality disorders, on the other hand, involve enduring patterns of behavior and thoughts that deviate from societal norms.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 5: DID Is Easy to Diagnose</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is challenging to diagnose and often goes unrecognized for years.</p><p dir="ltr">Individuals with DID frequently seek treatment for symptoms like anxiety, depression, or memory problems without realizing they have DID. Misdiagnosis is common, highlighting the need for skilled mental health professionals to identify and address the condition effectively.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 6: DID Isn’t Real</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is a real, diagnosable mental health condition.</p><p dir="ltr">Research and clinical studies have validated the existence of DID. The&nbsp;<strong>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)</strong> outlines specific criteria for diagnosing DID, ensuring its recognition as a legitimate disorder.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The symptoms of DID vary but often include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states.</li><li dir="ltr">Amnesia or memory gaps related to daily activities, personal information, or traumatic events.</li><li dir="ltr">Difficulty functioning in social, work, or home settings.</li><li dir="ltr">Feelings of detachment or being disconnected from oneself or reality.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">DID can co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes and Risk Factors</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">DID typically develops in response to severe trauma or stress, particularly during early childhood. Factors that increase the risk of DID include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Physical or sexual abuse.</li><li dir="ltr">Neglect or emotional maltreatment.</li><li dir="ltr">Exposure to war, terrorism, or other traumatic events.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Dissociation serves as a coping mechanism, allowing the individual to mentally escape from unbearable situations.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Effective treatment for DID focuses on:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Psychotherapy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) are commonly used to address trauma and manage symptoms.</li><li dir="ltr">Therapy aims to integrate separate identities into a unified self.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Medications:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">While there’s no specific medication for DID, antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help manage co-occurring conditions.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Hypnotherapy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Guided meditation may assist in recovering suppressed memories and addressing trauma.</li></ul></li></ol><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital</strong>, our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/psychiatry-and-clinical-psychology">experienced psychiatrists and counselors</a> provide personalized care to help individuals with DID navigate their symptoms and improve their quality of life.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Promoting Mental Health Awareness</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Building awareness and understanding about DID is essential for reducing stigma and encouraging those affected to seek help. Here’s how you can contribute to&nbsp;<strong>mental health awareness</strong>:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Educate Yourself:</strong> Learn about DID and other mental health conditions to dispel myths.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Support Others:</strong> Be compassionate and understanding toward those living with mental health challenges.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Seek Help:</strong> If you or a loved one experiences symptoms of DID, consult a mental health professional promptly.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Mental Health Counselling at Amrita Hospital</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital</strong>, we are committed to providing comprehensive mental health services, including counseling and psychiatry. Our team of experts offers:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Individual Therapy:</strong> Tailored sessions to address specific needs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Family Counseling:</strong> Support for families navigating mental health challenges.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Trauma-Informed Care:</strong> Specialized treatment for trauma-related conditions like DID.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Your mental health matters. With the right support, individuals with DID can lead fulfilling lives.</p><p>Understanding the realities of&nbsp;<strong>Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong> is the first step toward empathy and effective treatment. By separating myths from facts, we can create a more inclusive society that values mental health and well-being.</p>

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Myths vs. Facts

<p dir="ltr">Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common viral infections affecting both men and women alike. While many HPV infections clear up on their own, some persistent strains can lead to serious health conditions, including cervical cancer as well as cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, throat and penis. Almost all cases of cervical cancer are linked to HPV, making it a major public health concern, especially in countries like India, which bear a significant portion of the global burden.</p><p>Despite the widespread prevalence of HPV, awareness about its associated diseases, prevention methods, and vaccination schedules remains limited. This blog explores the various diseases caused by HPV, the available vaccines, their effectiveness, and why early vaccines are crucial in preventing life-threatening conditions.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What are the diseases caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?</strong></h2><p>&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Almost all cervical cancers are caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). HPV viruses are also responsible for vaginal, vulvar, anal, oral, throat and penile cancers.</li><li dir="ltr">India alone accounts for one-quarter of the worldwide burden of cervical cancers.</li><li dir="ltr">HPV infections are so common that nearly all sexually active men and women will get at least one type of HPV at some time in their lives. Most HPV infections go away by themselves within two years. Around 5% of them progress to a state of persistent infection, which can cause cancer.</li><li dir="ltr">Cervical cancer is often detected late due to lack of any significant symptoms in the early stages of the disease.</li><li dir="ltr">Of the more than 100 HPV types known, 13 types may cause cervical cancer or are associated with other cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina and throat. Out of them, type 16 and 18 are the most common ones. In countries where the HPV vaccines are used in the national immunization programs, a significant reduction of diseases caused by HPV has been recorded within a few years of use.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Which are the vaccines available against the HPV and what is the schedule ?</strong></h2><p>&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Bivalent (HPV2): this vaccine contains HPV types 16 and 18</li><li dir="ltr">Quadrivalent (HPV4): this vaccine contains HPV types 6, 11,16 and 18</li><li dir="ltr">Nonavalent (HPV9): this vaccine contains HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. This vaccine is expected to broaden the protection against cervical cancer by ~15%.</li><li dir="ltr">In India, the Bivalent vaccine (HPV2) and the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV 4) is expected to prevent ~ 83% of cervical cancers, whereas the Nonavalent vaccine (HPV 9) is expected to prevent ~ 98% of cervical cancers.</li><li dir="ltr">All the 3 vaccines are very eﬀective in preventing cervical cancers caused by the types contained in the vaccine.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Schedule:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Girls 9 through 14 years: Two doses to be administered at an interval of 6 months, 0–6 months</strong></li><li dir="ltr">Girls 15 years and older: Three doses recommended in the schedule 0–1–6 months for Cervarix and 0–2–6 months for Gardasil.</li><li dir="ltr">In immunocompromised individuals of any age: Three doses recommended in the schedule 0–1–6 months for Cervarix and 0–2–6 months for the Gardasil</li><li dir="ltr">HPV9 is licensed in a 3-dose schedule of 0-2-6 months in females 9-26 years of age and males 9-15 years of age.</li><li dir="ltr">The ideal age for starting the vaccine is 9-10 years.</li><li dir="ltr">HPV vaccines can be given at the same time as the Tdap vaccine.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why is it essential to start the schedule at 9-10 years and not later?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Young adolescents mount a superior immune response compared to older individuals.</li><li dir="ltr">Prevention of disease is better if started earlier</li><li dir="ltr">Only 2 doses are necessary in this age group versus 3 doses beyond 15 years of age.</li><li dir="ltr">There is no recommendation for any booster doses.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Are the HPV vaccines safe?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">These vaccines are generally safe. Mild to moderate local side eﬀects are pain, swelling or redness at the vaccine site.</li><li dir="ltr">Some adolescents may have giddiness or fainting sensation after the shot. It can be minimized by giving the vaccine in a lying down or reclining position. All the patients should be monitored for at least 20 minutes for any immediate side eﬀects. This adverse eﬀect is not HPV vaccine specific, but can happen after any vaccine, in this age group.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who should receive this vaccine?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">All girls (&gt;9 years) and adolescent girls should receive this vaccine. Catch-up vaccination may be oﬀered to older women</li><li dir="ltr">This vaccine is licensed for use till 45 years. Vaccination of males will oﬀer some protection against other HPV related cancers penis, anus and oropharynx (mouth and throat). In India, only the HPV 9 vaccine is licensed in males.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who should not receive the HPV vaccine?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">History of severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after the first dose of the vaccine or known, severe allergies to any component of the vaccine</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Pregnancy</li><li dir="ltr">People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover, before getting HPV vaccine.</li><li dir="ltr">Vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. Some adults ages 27 through 45 years might decide to get the HPV vaccine based on discussion with their clinician, if they did not get adequately vaccinated when they were younger. HPV vaccination of people in this age range provides less benefit, for several reasons, including that more people in this age range have already been exposed to HPV.</li><li dir="ltr">For adults ages 27 through 45 years, clinicians can consider discussing HPV vaccination with people who are most likely to benefit.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Protect Your Health with Early HPV Vaccination</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">In conclusion, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent infection with the potential to cause various cancers, notably cervical cancer. Vaccination against HPV has proven to be a highly effective preventive measure, especially when administered at the recommended ages. Early immunisation not only elicits a stronger immune response but also reduces the number of doses required.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are committed to HPV-related diseases through comprehensive vaccination programs. Our <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/cancer-centre/gynecologic-oncology-division">Gynaecologic Oncology Department</a> offers the HPV vaccine, which helps protect against the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer. We encourage all eligible individuals to take proactive steps in safeguarding their health.</p><p dir="ltr">To learn more about HPV vaccination or to schedule an appointment, contact our Gynaecologic Oncology Department. Our dedicated team is here to provide you with personalised care and support.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

HPV and Its Role in Various Cancers: Everything to Know

<p dir="ltr">Oral cancer refers to malignant tumors that develop in the mouth, lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and throat (oropharynx). Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes, yet there are no standardized routine screening tests for oral cancer. Instead, it is often identified during routine dental check-ups or through self-examination.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Oral cancer symptoms can be subtle in the early stages but may progress to include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Persistent sores or ulcers</strong> in the mouth that do not heal within two weeks.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lump or swelling</strong> in the neck or jaw.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Loose teeth</strong> or changes in how dentures fit.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain, difficulty, or discomfort while chewing or swallowing.</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Changes in voice or speech difficulty.</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Unexplained bleeding or numbness</strong> in the mouth, lips, or tongue.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>White, red, or mixed patches (leukoplakia, erythroplakia, or erythroleukoplakia)</strong> on the gums, tongue, or inner cheeks.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Persistent sore throat or hoarseness.</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ear pain</strong> without an ear infection.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Unexplained weight loss</strong> and fatigue.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, consult a healthcare provider or dentist immediately for further evaluation.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes and Risk Factors for Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Several factors contribute to the development of oral cancer:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tobacco Use</strong>: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes and chewing tobacco are the leading causes of oral cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Alcohol Consumption</strong>: Chronic heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk significantly, particularly in combination with tobacco use.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Areca (Betel) Nut Chewing</strong>: Common in some Asian populations, betel nut chewing has a strong link to oral cancers.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Poor Oral Hygiene</strong>: Chronic irritation from poor dental hygiene, ill-fitting dentures, or gum disease may contribute to cancer development.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>UV Radiation Exposure</strong>: Prolonged exposure to sunlight increases the risk of lip cancers.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Viral and Infectious Factors</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Human Papillomavirus (HPV)</strong>: HPV-16, a high-risk strain, is strongly linked to oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccination against HPV can reduce the risk.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)</strong>: Though primarily linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, EBV may play a role in some oral cancers.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing the incidence of oral cancer. You can lower your risk by:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Avoiding Tobacco and Alcohol</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Quit smoking</strong>: Tobacco use is responsible for up to&nbsp;<strong>60% of oral cancers</strong> in certain regions.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Limit alcohol consumption</strong>: Excessive alcohol intake is associated with about&nbsp;<strong>30% of oral cancers</strong>.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Protecting Against HPV and Other Infections</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Get vaccinated against&nbsp;<strong>HPV</strong> (especially HPV-16), which is linked to oropharyngeal cancer.</li><li dir="ltr">Practice&nbsp;<strong>safe oral hygiene and sexual practices</strong> to reduce HPV transmission risk.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Sun Protection for Lip Cancer</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Use a&nbsp;<strong>broad-spectrum sunscreen</strong> on your lips and wear a wide-brimmed hat if exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Apply&nbsp;<strong>lip balm with SPF 30+</strong>, especially when the&nbsp;<strong>UV index is 3 or above</strong>.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Maintaining Good Oral Hygiene and Regular Check-Ups</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Brush twice a day</strong> and floss daily to maintain oral health.</li><li dir="ltr">High-risk individuals must visit a&nbsp;<strong>dentist every 6 months</strong> for oral exams, as they can detect early changes before cancer develops.</li><li dir="ltr">Ensure&nbsp;<strong>dentures fit properly</strong> to avoid chronic irritation.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Healthy Diet and Nutrition</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">A diet rich in&nbsp;<strong>fruits and vegetables</strong> (high in antioxidants, vitamins A, C, and E) can help reduce cancer risk.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid&nbsp;<strong>processed meats and high-sugar diets</strong>, which may contribute to cancer risk.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Early Detection of Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Since there are no standardized routine screening tests for oral cancer,&nbsp;<strong>self-examinations and regular dental visits</strong> are essential.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Self-Examination for Oral Cancer</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Once a month, perform a&nbsp;<strong>self-exam</strong> in front of a mirror:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Look for&nbsp;<strong>unusual sores, patches, or lumps</strong> in the mouth, lips, and tongue.</li><li dir="ltr">Check the&nbsp;<strong>roof and floor of the mouth</strong> for any abnormalities.</li><li dir="ltr">Feel for&nbsp;<strong>swollen lymph nodes</strong> in the neck.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If you notice&nbsp;<strong>any persistent abnormalities</strong>, consult a dentist or doctor promptly.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Professional Screening</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Dentists and oral surgeons</strong> can identify early-stage lesions and conduct biopsies if needed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Adjunctive screening tools</strong>, such as fluorescence imaging or toluidine blue staining, can enhance early detection.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer">Oral cancer</a> is a&nbsp;<strong>preventable disease</strong> with&nbsp;<strong>modifiable risk factors</strong>. By making&nbsp;<strong>lifestyle changes, maintaining good oral health, and ensuring early detection</strong>, you can significantly lower your risk.&nbsp;<strong>Regular dental check-ups, self-examinations, and a healthy lifestyle</strong> are key to preventing and managing oral cancer effectively. Stay proactive and take charge of your oral health!</p>

Oral Cancer: Causes, Prevention, and Early Detection

<p dir="ltr">Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men worldwide. Early detection through proper screening can improve outcomes and reduce complications. However, screening should be approached with careful consideration of both benefits and risks.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Symptoms of Prostate Cancer</h2><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer">Prostate cancer</a> often shows no symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear:</p><p dir="ltr">• Frequent urination, especially at night</p><p dir="ltr">• Feeling of incomplete urination</p><p dir="ltr">• Pain or burning during urination</p><p dir="ltr">• Decreased urine output</p><p dir="ltr">• Persistent pain in the hips, back, or pelvis</p><p dir="ltr">These symptoms are not exclusive to prostate cancer and may be caused by other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate). If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation.</p><h2 dir="ltr">How is Prostate Cancer Screening Done?</h2><p dir="ltr">The primary screening tool for prostate cancer is the PSA test (Prostate-Specific Antigen test). This simple blood test measures PSA levels, which can be elevated due to:</p><p dir="ltr">• Prostate cancer</p><p dir="ltr">• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (enlargement of the prostate)</p><p dir="ltr">• Prostatitis (prostate inflammation or infection)</p><p dir="ltr">Since an elevated PSA level does not always mean cancer, additional tests such as MRI, a prostate biopsy may be recommended before confirming a diagnosis.</p><p dir="ltr">While PSA screening can reduce prostate cancer-related deaths, it also has risks, including false positives (leading to unnecessary biopsies) and overdiagnosis (detecting slow-growing cancers that may never cause harm).</p><h2 dir="ltr">Screening Recommendations</h2><p dir="ltr">Screening guidelines vary based on age and risk factors:</p><h3 dir="ltr">1. Average Risk:</h3><p dir="ltr">• Men with no family history of prostate cancer should start discussing PSA screening with their doctor at age 50.</p><h3 dir="ltr">2. High Risk:</h3><p dir="ltr">• Men at higher risk (e.g., those with a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65, or African American men) should consider screening at age 45.</p><h3 dir="ltr">3. Age 55-69:</h3><p dir="ltr">• The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and major medical organizations recommend shared decision-making for men in this age group. This means discussing the risks and benefits of PSA screening with a doctor before deciding whether to proceed.</p><h3 dir="ltr">4. Age 70 and Older:</h3><p dir="ltr">• Routine PSA screening is not recommended unless there are specific medical reasons, as the risks of screening may outweigh the benefits in older adults.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Key Considerations for PSA Screening</h2><h3 dir="ltr">Pros:</h3><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Early detection can improve treatment outcomes.</p><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Screening may reduce prostate cancer mortality.</p><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Advanced diagnostic tools (MRI fusion biopsy, biomarker tests) help refine risk assessment.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Cons:</h3><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;False positives can cause unnecessary anxiety and lead to unneeded biopsies.</p><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Overdiagnosis may result in overtreatment, which can lead to side effects such as:</p><p dir="ltr">• Erectile dysfunction</p><p dir="ltr">• Urinary incontinence</p><p dir="ltr">• Bowel issues&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Since not all prostate cancers are aggressive, some men may opt for active surveillance instead of immediate treatment if diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer.</p><h2 dir="ltr">What Happens if PSA Levels are High?</h2><p dir="ltr">If your PSA level is elevated, your doctor may recommend:</p><p dir="ltr">1. Repeating the PSA test after a short period to rule out temporary fluctuations.</p><p dir="ltr">2. Prostate MRI to look for suspicious areas before proceeding with a biopsy.</p><p dir="ltr">3. A prostate biopsy, which is the only way to confirm prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">Not all men with an elevated PSA need a biopsy immediately—advanced imaging and biomarker tests can help reduce unnecessary biopsies.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer</h2><p dir="ltr">If diagnosed, treatment options depend on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer:</p><p dir="ltr">• Active Surveillance: For slow-growing, low-risk prostate cancer, regular monitoring may be an option instead of immediate treatment.</p><p dir="ltr">• Surgery (Radical Prostatectomy): Involves removing the prostate gland, often recommended for localized but aggressive cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">• Radiation Therapy: Used for localized cancer, sometimes combined with hormone therapy.</p><p dir="ltr">• Hormone Therapy: Helps slow cancer growth by reducing testosterone levels.</p><p dir="ltr">• Chemotherapy &amp; Targeted Therapy: Used for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The choice of treatment should be based on discussions with a urologist and oncologist, considering factors such as age, overall health, and cancer stage. At Amrita Hospital, we have a specialized <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/speciality-departments/uro-oncology">Uro Oncology department</a> for prostate cancer treatment and care.</p><p dir="ltr">PSA screening is an important tool for detecting prostate cancer early, but it is not without risks. Talk to your doctor about your personal risk factors and the pros and cons of screening before making a decision.</p><p dir="ltr">By staying informed and proactive about your health, you can take the right steps toward early detection and better outcomes.</p>

Prostate Cancer: Symptoms, Screening, and Key Considerations

<p dir="ltr">Breast reconstruction is a significant and personal choice for women undergoing mastectomy. This guide provides an overview of the procedure, its types, benefits, risks, and considerations to help you make an informed decision.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Breast Reconstruction?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Breast reconstruction is a surgical procedure aimed at recreating the shape and appearance of the breast after a mastectomy. The goal is to achieve a natural-looking breast contour that aligns with your preferences and lifestyle.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who is a Candidate for Breast Reconstruction?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Most women who have had a mastectomy can consider breast reconstruction. Your doctor will determine if it’s suitable for you based on factors such as your health, the type of cancer treatment you’ve received, and your personal preferences.</p><p dir="ltr">Some women may choose alternative options like wearing prosthetics (bra fillers) or embracing their natural post-mastectomy appearance without reconstruction.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Types of Breast Reconstruction</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What It Is</strong>: This method uses silicone gel implants to recreate the breast shape. Silicone implants are widely used for both cosmetic and reconstructive purposes.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>How It Works</strong>: The implant, carefully selected to match your body shape, is placed under the skin where the breast once was. In some cases, the breast skin and nipple can be preserved, leading to a more natural appearance.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Autologous or “Flap” Reconstruction</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What It Is</strong>: This method uses your own tissue (skin, fat, and sometimes muscle) from another part of your body—such as the tummy, back, or thighs—to form the new breast.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Considerations</strong>: Surgery may take 5-8 hours, with full recovery spanning 6-12 weeks. Using your tissue often results in a more natural feel and long-lasting results, though it involves a more complex procedure.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Combination Reconstruction</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">In some cases, surgeons use both implants and your own tissue to achieve the desired breast size and shape.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Timing of Reconstruction</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Immediate Reconstruction</strong>: Done at the same time as the mastectomy. This approach allows the surgeon to conserve breast skin and sometimes the nipples for a more natural look.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Delayed Reconstruction</strong>: Performed months or years after the mastectomy, often after other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation have been completed.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Risks of Breast Reconstruction</strong></p><p dir="ltr">As with any surgery, breast reconstruction comes with some risks:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Infection</strong>: May require additional treatment or implant removal.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Bleeding and Bruising</strong>: Occasionally, a second surgery might be necessary.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain</strong>: Pain at the surgical site or donor area is common but manageable with medication.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Healing Issues</strong>: Delayed healing could postpone additional treatments.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Further Surgeries</strong>: Adjustments might be needed for symmetry or to refine the results.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Benefits of Breast Reconstruction</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Restores Body Shape</strong>: Achieves a balanced appearance by recreating the breast.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improves Self-Confidence</strong>: Many women report feeling more comfortable and confident after reconstruction.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Expands Clothing Options</strong>: Wearing certain clothing styles may feel easier or more enjoyable.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Long-Term Considerations</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Reconstructed breasts will not regain sensation, as nerves are severed during surgery.</li><li dir="ltr">Implants may need replacement over time due to leakage, rupture, or scar tissue formation.</li><li dir="ltr">Recovery time and physical activity limitations vary based on the type of reconstruction.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Ask yourself:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">How do I feel about my body image?</li><li dir="ltr">How soon do I want to recover?</li><li dir="ltr">How does reconstruction fit into my lifestyle and physical activities?</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What to Ask Your Surgeon</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">What reconstruction options are available for me?</li><li dir="ltr">What are the pros, cons, and risks of each type?</li><li dir="ltr">How much will it cost, and will my insurance cover it?</li><li dir="ltr">Are there local support groups or resources I can access?</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Finding Support and Information</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Your Surgical Team</strong>: They will guide you through the process and provide tailored advice.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Support Groups</strong>: Connecting with others who have undergone reconstruction can be invaluable.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Breast reconstruction is a journey that combines medical expertise with personal choices. By understanding your options and seeking the right support, you can take a confident step toward recovery and self-empowerment.</p>

Breast Reconstruction - A Comprehensive Guide

<p dir="ltr">Cancer treatment has come a long way, evolving from traditional therapies to the latest innovations that offer a new ray of hope for those who have been diagnosed. With groundbreaking advancements in immunotherapy, targeted treatments, and precision medicine, patients today have access to more effective and personalized care than ever before.</p><p dir="ltr">In this blog, we explore the latest developments in cancer treatment, shedding light on how science is transforming lives and shaping the future of oncology. Stay with us as we uncover the breakthroughs bringing us closer to a world where cancer is not just treatable—but beatable.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Recent advances in Medical Oncology</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Immunotherapy:&nbsp;</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">This approach harnesses the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.</p><p dir="ltr">Checkpoint inhibitors, a type of immunotherapy, have shown remarkable success in treating various cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer. CAR T-cell therapy, another form of immunotherapy, involves genetically modifying a patient's immune cells to target and attack cancer cells with enhanced efficiency</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Checkpoint inhibitors</strong>: These help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) have been approved for various cancers.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>CAR T-cell therapy</strong>: T-cells are modified to better target cancer cells and then reintroduced into the patient. This has shown remarkable success in treating blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Targeted therapy:</strong> This treatment targets specific molecules or genes involved in cancer cell growth and survival. By blocking these targets, targeted therapies can inhibit cancer progression and improve patient outcomes. They often have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy because they specifically target cancer cells while leaving healthy cells relatively unharmed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Precision oncology: </strong>This approach uses genetic and molecular information about a patient's tumor to guide treatment decisions.</li></ol><p dir="ltr">By identifying specific genetic mutations or biomarkers driving cancer growth, precision oncology enables the selection of therapies most likely to be effective for an individual patient. This personalized approach maximizes treatment benefits and minimizes unnecessary side effects.</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Liquid biopsies: These tests analyze blood samples to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or other cancer-related biomarkers.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Liquid biopsies offer a less invasive alternative to traditional tissue biopsies and can be used for early cancer detection, monitoring treatment response, and identifying potential resistance mechanisms.</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Artificial intelligence (AI): AI is being used to improve various aspects of cancer care, from early detection and diagnosis to treatment planning and monitoring.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">AI-powered image analysis can help radiologists identify suspicious lesions on medical images, while AI algorithms can analyze large datasets to predict treatment responses and personalize treatment strategies.&nbsp;AI is helping to accelerate drug discovery and improve early detection by analyzing complex medical data more quickly and accurately than humans can.</p><ol start="5"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Nanotechnology is being used to develop more effective drug delivery systems.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Nanoparticles can be designed to deliver drugs directly to tumor cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing side effects.</p><ol start="6"><li dir="ltr"><strong>CRISPR gene editing: CRISPR technology is being researched for its potential to directly alter cancer-causing genes or to enhance immune cells for better targeting of tumors.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has emerged as a game-changer in cancer therapy, offering the potential to revolutionize how we treat this complex disease. Here are some of the key applications of CRISPR in cancer treatment:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Enhancing CAR T-cell therapy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CAR T-cell therapy involves genetically modifying a patient's T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognize and target cancer cells. CRISPR can be used to improve CAR T-cell therapy in several ways:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improving CAR design:</strong> CRISPR can be used to precisely insert CAR genes into specific locations in the T cell genome, ensuring optimal expression and function. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Enhancing T cell persistence:</strong> CRISPR can knock out genes that inhibit T cell activity or promote T cell exhaustion, leading to more durable responses.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Reducing side effects:</strong> CRISPR can be used to remove genes that contribute to side effects like cytokine release syndrome (CRS), making the therapy safer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Creating "off-the-shelf" CAR T cells:</strong> CRISPR can be used to engineer universal CAR T cells from healthy donors, eliminating the need for patient-specific cells and reducing manufacturing time and costs.</li></ul></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Developing new cancer immunotherapies:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can be used to identify and validate new targets for immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint molecules or tumor-associated antigens. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can also be used to engineer immune cells with enhanced anti-tumor activity, such as NK cells or macrophages.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. cancer-causing mutations:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">In some cases, CRISPR can be used to directly correct genetic mutations that drive cancer development. This approach is still in its early stages but holds promise for cancers with well-defined genetic drivers. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Developing personalized cancer vaccines:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can be used to identify neoantigens, which are unique mutations present only in cancer cells. These neoantigens can then be used to create personalized cancer vaccines that stimulate the immune system to specifically target and destroy cancer cells. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Studying cancer biology and drug resistance:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CRISPR is a powerful tool for studying the underlying mechanisms of cancer development and progression. It can be used to create cancer models with specific genetic alterations, allowing researchers to investigate the role of individual genes in cancer. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can also be used to study how cancer cells develop resistance to therapies, leading to the development of new strategies to overcome drug resistance. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Advances in Radiotherapy:</strong>&nbsp;</h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1</strong>. <strong>Precision Radiotherapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Improved tumor control:</strong> By precisely targeting the tumor, precision radiotherapy increases the chances of destroying all cancer cells while minimizing the risk of recurrence.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Reduced side effects:</strong> Sparing healthy tissues from unnecessary radiation exposure leads to fewer side effects, improving patients' quality of life during and after treatment. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Personalized treatment:</strong> Precision radiotherapy allows for tailoring treatment plans to each patient's specific needs and tumor characteristics, optimizing outcomes&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT):</strong> A more sophisticated form of 3D-CRT, IMRT further refines radiation delivery by adjusting the intensity of the beams within each field. This allows for even greater precision in targeting the tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding critical structures.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT):</strong> Incorporates real-time imaging (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound) during treatment to verify the tumor's position and make any necessary adjustments to ensure accurate targeting. This is particularly valuable for tumors that may move during treatment, such as those in the lungs or abdomen.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT):</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">A highly precise technique that delivers very high doses of radiation to small, well-defined tumors in a limited number of sessions. SBRT is often used for tumors that are difficult to reach surgically or for patients who are not candidates for surgery.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Proton Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Uses protons instead of X-rays to deliver radiation. Protons have the unique property of depositing most of their energy at a specific depth, allowing for even greater precision in targeting the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Proton therapy is particularly beneficial for tumors located near critical organs or in children, where minimizing long-term radiation effects is crucial.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Innovations in surgical oncology</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cancer surgery is constantly evolving, with new techniques and technologies emerging regularly. Here are some of the notable advancements and new trends in cancer surgery:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1</strong>.&nbsp;<strong>Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS):</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery:</strong> These techniques continue to expand their application across various cancer types. They involve smaller incisions, resulting in reduced pain, faster recovery, and shorter hospital stays. Robotic surgery, in particular, offers enhanced precision, dexterity, and visualization for surgeons.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Single-Port Surgery:</strong> A further refinement of MIS, this involves performing the entire surgery through a single, small incision, often hidden within the navel. This leads to even less scarring and potentially faster recovery.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES):</strong> This emerging technique accesses the abdominal cavity through natural orifices (e.g., mouth, vagina, rectum) instead of skin incisions, potentially leading to scarless surgery. It is still largely experimental but holds great promise.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Robotic Surgery Advancements:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Expanded Applications:</strong> Robotic surgery is becoming increasingly common in various cancers, including prostate, kidney, colorectal, gynecologic, head and neck, and thoracic cancers.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improved Technology:</strong> Newer robotic systems are becoming more sophisticated, offering improved imaging, smaller instruments, and greater flexibility.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Single-port robotic systems</strong> are also becoming more prevalent, further reducing the invasiveness of surgeries.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Haptic Feedback:</strong> Some newer systems incorporate haptic feedback, which allows surgeons to "feel" tissues and resistance, improving the tactile experience during surgery.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Image-Guided Surgery:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Intraoperative Imaging:</strong> Techniques like intraoperative ultrasound, MRI, and CT are used during surgery to provide real-time visualization of the tumor and surrounding structures, helping surgeons achieve more complete tumor removal and avoid damaging vital organs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Fluorescence-Guided Surgery:</strong> This technique uses fluorescent dyes that accumulate in cancer cells, making them glow under specific light. This helps surgeons identify and remove cancerous tissue more accurately, including microscopic diseases that might otherwise be missed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):</strong> AR and VR are being explored to overlay pre-operative imaging data onto the surgical field, providing surgeons with a 3D roadmap during the procedure.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Precision and Personalized Surgery:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Molecular Profiling:</strong> Analyzing the genetic and molecular makeup of a tumor helps tailor surgical approaches. For example, some tumors may be more amenable to certain types of surgery or may require a combination of surgery and other therapies like targeted therapy or immunotherapy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Neoadjuvant Therapy:</strong> Administering chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy&nbsp;<em>before</em> surgery can shrink the tumor, making it easier to remove completely and potentially improving outcomes. This is becoming increasingly common in various cancer types.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy:</strong> This technique identifies and removes the first lymph nodes that drain a tumor. If these nodes are cancer-free, it suggests the cancer hasn't spread, potentially sparing patients from more extensive lymph node removal and its associated side effects.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Other Innovations:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC):</strong> This technique involves delivering heated chemotherapy directly into the abdominal cavity during surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. It is primarily used for certain types of abdominal cancers, like peritoneal mesothelioma and some cases of ovarian and colorectal cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Electroporation:</strong> This involves using electrical pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing for more effective delivery of chemotherapy drugs or potentially destroying cancer cells directly (irreversible electroporation).</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Cryoablation and Radiofrequency Ablation:</strong> These techniques use extreme cold or heat, respectively, to destroy tumors. They may be used as alternatives to surgery for small tumors or for patients who are not surgical candidates.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Focus on Organ Preservation:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Partial Organ Removal:</strong> Whenever possible, surgeons aim to remove only the cancerous portion of an organ rather than the entire organ. This is becoming more common in kidney, liver, and lung cancers, among others.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sphincter-Sparing Surgery:</strong> For rectal cancer, advances in surgical techniques and neoadjuvant therapy allow surgeons to preserve the anal sphincter in more cases, avoiding the need for a permanent colostomy.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Breakthroughs Offering New Hope</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The fight against cancer is witnessing remarkable progress, with innovations in treatment offering renewed hope and better outcomes. From precision medicine to revolutionary therapies, the future of oncology is more promising than ever before. As the research continues to push boundaries, access to advanced, personalized care becomes crucial.</p><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are committed to delivering <a href="https://amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/cardiac-sciences/amrita-cardio-oncology-clinic">world-class cancer treatment</a> with the latest technology and expert care. If you or a loved one seek compassionate and comprehensive cancer care, visit Amrita Hospital - where the latest technology in healthcare meets healing.</p>

Advances in Cancer Treatment

<p dir="ltr">Preventing birth defects is an important part of ensuring a healthy pregnancy. This requires a combination of preconception planning, prenatal care, and healthy lifestyle choices.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Here are key steps expectant mothers can take to promote a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of birth defects:</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Preconception Care</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Get a Preconception Checkup:</strong> Ideally, schedule a visit to your healthcare provider before trying to conceive. This will help identify and address any health issues that have the potential to adversely affect your pregnancy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Optimize Your Health:</strong> Make sure to address chronic conditions (like diabetes or seizure disorder) before pregnancy, as these can increase the risk of birth defects.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Take Folic Acid</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Start Early:</strong> Begin taking folic acid supplements (400 to 800 micrograms per day) at least one month before conception and continue through the first trimester. Folic acid is critical in preventing neural tube defects such as spina bifida.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Maintain a Healthy Diet</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Balanced Nutrition:</strong> Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats to support fetal development.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid Certain Foods:</strong> Limit or avoid foods that may pose a risk during pregnancy, such as raw or undercooked meats, fish high in mercury, and unpasteurized dairy products.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Manage Chronic Conditions</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Monitor Health Conditions:</strong> Conditions like diabetes, obesity, and thyroid disorders can increase the risk of birth defects. Work with your healthcare provider to manage these before and during pregnancy.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>5.&nbsp;Get Regular Exercise</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stay Active Safely:</strong> Regular, moderate exercise can improve overall health, boost energy, and reduce the risk of complications. Always check with your healthcare provider to ensure your exercise plan is safe.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Avoid Harmful Substances</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>No Smoking or Vaping:</strong> Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Avoid smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke from those around you.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid Alcohol and Drugs:</strong> Both legal and illegal drugs can have harmful effects on the developing baby. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Even drugs which were prescribed to you by a medical practitioner before pregnancy may need to be altered or stopped before conception as they may be teratogenic to the developing fetus.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Limit Caffeine:</strong> Too much caffeine during pregnancy may be linked to low birth weight.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>7. Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccines</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pre-Pregnancy Vaccination:</strong> Certain vaccines, such as rubella and chickenpox, should be up-to-date before pregnancy as they help to avoid infection-related risks. Also, these vaccines cannot be taken after conception as they are not safe to be taken during pregnancy.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>During Pregnancy Vaccines:</strong> Flu and Tdap (whooping cough) vaccines are generally recommended during pregnancy to protect both the mother and baby.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>8. Avoid Environmental Hazards</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Limit Exposure to Toxic Chemicals:</strong> Avoid exposure to environmental toxins like pesticides, cleaning products, and lead.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Safe Workplace Practices:</strong> If your job exposes you to chemicals, radiation, or other hazards, talk to your doctor about ways to protect yourself and your baby.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>9. Take Prenatal Vitamins</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ensure Adequate Nutrients:</strong> Prenatal vitamins with essential nutrients like folic acid and DHA can help prevent birth defects and support overall fetal development.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>10. Regular Prenatal Care</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Routine Checkups:</strong> Early and regular prenatal visits are crucial for monitoring the health of both mother and baby. Tests like ultrasounds, blood screenings, and other prenatal screenings can detect potential birth defects early.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>11. Genetic Counseling</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>If You Have a Family History of Birth Defects:</strong> If you or your partner have a family history of birth defects, genetic counseling can help assess your risk and guide your decisions. A consultation with a pediatric geneticist will guide prenatal evaluation and planning for prenatal evaluation in the upcoming pregnancy</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How does the Srishti Center of Excellence in Fetal Care at Amrita Hospital help you to have a healthy pregnancy?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/fetal-care">Center of Excellence in Fetal Care</a> at Amrita Hospital, Kochi will guide you through every step of your pregnancy journey from prenatal care onwards. Our dedicated team includes Perinatologists, Geneticists, Pediatric surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, and allied specialists committed to the prevention, early detection, and management of fetal birth defects to optimise perinatal and postnatal care.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Make sure to book your appointment with a fetal medicine specialist to learn more about the same.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Services offered:</strong></h3><p>Here are the services provided by Amrita Hospital Kochi, to have a healthy pregnancy -&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><br><strong>1)Fetal Medicine and Perinatology</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Level II and III antenatal scans</li><li dir="ltr">3D and 4D scans</li><li dir="ltr">Amniocentesis, CVS, fetal blood and urine sampling</li><li dir="ltr">Aneuploidy and preeclampsia screening</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2) Fetal Cardiology</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Advanced echocardiography with 4D imaging</li><li dir="ltr">Counselling for congenital cardiac issues</li><li dir="ltr">In-utero interventions and postnatal care</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3) Fetal genetics</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Prenatal screening, including non-invasive testing</li><li dir="ltr">Counselling for genetic anomalies</li><li dir="ltr">Enzyme replacement therapies for certain conditions</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4)Fetal surgery</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Open fetal surgeries and fetoscopic laser procedures</li><li dir="ltr">EXIT procedures and treatments</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5)Others</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Fetal MRI</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced ultrasound diagnostic tools for precise evaluations</li><li dir="ltr">Top notch pathology and cytogenetics lab for precise diagnosis</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">By taking these proactive steps, expectant mothers can help reduce the risk of birth defects and promote a healthy pregnancy and baby. In the event of detection of a birth defect, early detection, testing, and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.&nbsp;</p>

Preventing Birth Defects: Steps to a Healthy Pregnancy

<p dir="ltr">Heel pain is a common ailment that affects people of all ages, from young adults to the elderly. Among its various causes, the most prevalent is plantar fasciitis—a condition characterized by inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue connecting the heel bone to the toes.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Plantar Fasciitis?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Plantar fasciitis refers to inflammation or irritation of the plantar fascia, a fibrous band of tissue located at the bottom of the foot. This tissue supports the arch of the foot and absorbs shock during activities like walking or running. Overuse, excessive stress, or repetitive stretching can lead to small tears in the plantar fascia, resulting in pain and discomfort.</p><p dir="ltr">This condition is particularly common among runners, overweight individuals, and those who wear poorly supportive footwear.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain in the heel or arch:</strong> Usually felt as a stabbing pain in the morning or after periods of inactivity.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Worsening pain:</strong> Pain intensifies after prolonged standing or walking.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stiffness:</strong> Reduced flexibility in the foot.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Swelling:</strong> Around the heel or arch of the foot.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Overuse or repetitive stress:</strong> Activities such as long-distance running or dancing.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Foot mechanics:</strong> Flat feet, high arches, or abnormal walking patterns.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Obesity:</strong> Extra body weight puts additional stress on the plantar fascia.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improper footwear:</strong> Lack of arch support or cushioning.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Occupational risks:</strong> Jobs requiring extended standing or walking on hard surfaces.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Diagnosis and Tests</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Diagnosing plantar fasciitis typically involves:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical examination:</strong> A healthcare provider presses on the affected area to identify tenderness and pain.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Imaging tests:</strong> X-rays or MRIs may be recommended to rule out other conditions, such as fractures or heel spurs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Discussion of symptoms:</strong> Sharing details of your daily activities, pain triggers, and foot mechanics helps in accurate diagnosis.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Management and Treatment</strong></h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medication:</strong> Over-the-counter NSAIDs like ibuprofen reduce inflammation and alleviate pain.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical Therapy:</strong> Stretches and exercises to strengthen the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Orthotics:</strong> Custom-made shoe inserts for improved arch support.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Night Splints:</strong> Worn during sleep to stretch the plantar fascia and reduce morning stiffness.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Advanced Therapies:</strong> Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, extracorporeal shock wave therapy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Surgery:</strong> Rarely required and reserved for severe cases unresponsive to conservative treatments.</li></ol><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong>, we offer expert care and advanced treatments for plantar fasciitis. If you are experiencing persistent heel pain,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/cancer-centre/pain-and-palliative-medicine">consult our specialized team</a> for a personalized treatment plan.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Prevention&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While plantar fasciitis can be painful, certain preventive measures can reduce your risk:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Wear supportive footwear:</strong> Choose shoes with good arch support and cushioning.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Maintain a healthy weight:</strong> Reduce stress on the plantar fascia.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Incorporate stretching exercises:</strong> Regularly stretch your calves and Achilles tendon.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Rest and recovery:</strong> Allow time for your feet to recover after intense activities.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid walking barefoot:</strong> Especially on hard surfaces.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Plantar fasciitis, though common, can significantly impact daily life if left untreated. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for effective recovery. By following preventive measures and seeking professional care from a Pain and Palliative specialist when needed, you can manage or even avoid this condition.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">1. What is the fastest way to cure plantar fasciitis?</h3><p dir="ltr">The quickest relief often comes from rest, icing, and using anti-inflammatory medications. Stretching exercises and supportive footwear also help. For persistent pain, consult a doctor for advanced treatments like PRP injections or shock wave therapy.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">2. What is the cause of plantar fasciitis?</h3><p dir="ltr">Plantar fasciitis is caused by overstretching or tearing of the plantar fascia due to excessive stress, repetitive movements, or improper footwear. Factors like obesity and certain foot mechanics can increase the risk.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">3. What is the best exercise for plantar fasciitis?</h3><p dir="ltr">Calf stretches, rolling stretches with a ball, and towel curls are effective exercises. These target the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon to relieve tension and improve flexibility.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">4. How to sleep with plantar fasciitis?</h3><p dir="ltr">Use a night splint to keep your foot in a flexed position, reducing morning stiffness. Avoid sleeping with heavy blankets on your feet, as they can add pressure.</p>

What You Need to Know About Heel Pain and How to Fix It

<p dir="ltr">Stroke rehabilitation plays a crucial role in helping survivors regain their independence and improve their overall quality of life. After a stroke, patients often face challenges such as paralysis, speech difficulties, cognitive impairments, and balance issues. Rehabilitation provides a structured and holistic approach to address these concerns through physical therapy, speech therapy, and personalised care plans.</p><p dir="ltr">It focuses not only on improving physical abilities but also on enhancing emotional well-being and confidence during recovery. This blog covers everything you need to know about stroke rehabilitation, from creating personalised recovery plans to understanding caregiver roles, essential resources, and safety precautions.</p><p dir="ltr">This blog will take you through the importance of professional support, medication adherence, and home modifications to ensure that the patient has a smooth recovery journey.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Rehabilitation After Stroke</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Rehabilitation is a cornerstone of stroke recovery, offering stroke survivors the tools they need to regain independence and improve their quality of life. Amrita Hospital’s multidisciplinary approach combines expertise in physical therapy, speech pathology, and dietetics to create personalised treatment plans.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Is Rehabilitation Important?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">A stroke can lead to challenges such as paralysis, speech impairments, and cognitive difficulties. Rehabilitation addresses these issues through:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical Therapy</strong>: Strengthens muscles, improves balance, and enhances mobility.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Speech Therapy</strong>: Helps with communication and swallowing challenges, like dysphagia.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Nutritional Counseling</strong>: Guides patients on dietary changes to prevent complications and support healing.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>How Amrita Hospital Supports Recovery</strong></h3><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Personalised Therapy Plans</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Therapists evaluate each patient’s unique needs and set measurable goals.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Comprehensive Services</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">From in-hospital sessions to home-based programs, therapy is designed to fit individual recovery journeys.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Caregiver Training</strong></li></ol><ul><li>We ensure caregivers are equipped to assist with exercises, devices, and daily&nbsp;<strong>routines.</strong></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>The Role of Caregivers in Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Caregivers play a pivotal role in rehabilitation:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Encouraging Practice</strong>: Reinforce exercises and therapy at home.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ensuring Safety</strong>: Help prevent falls and other injuries during recovery.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Emotional Support</strong>: Celebrate small victories to keep morale high.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Rehabilitation at Amrita Hospital empowers stroke survivors to reclaim their lives. With expert care, consistent therapy, and strong support systems, recovery becomes not just a possibility but a reality.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Life After Stroke</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">After experiencing a stroke, the journey from hospital care to recovery at home is critical for both patients and caregivers. Here’s an overview of the key resources stroke survivors and their families should know about, along with practical tips to ensure a smooth recovery.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Who to Turn to for Support?</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Rehabilitation Specialists</strong>: Physical therapists, speech pathologists, and occupational therapists form the backbone of recovery.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Social Workers</strong>: They guide families through financial assistance, insurance, and emotional challenges.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Dieticians</strong>: They create personalised meal plans to aid recovery and prevent complications.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>What Resources Should You Ask For?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Before leaving the hospital, make sure you have access to the following essential services:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Rehabilitation Services</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Take prior appointments for physical, occupational, or speech therapy.</li><li dir="ltr">Explore in-home therapy options for convenience.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Assistive Devices</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Discuss the need for equipment like wheelchairs, walkers, or grab bars.</li><li dir="ltr">Seek prescriptions for any devices you may require.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Caregiver Education</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Ensure that caregivers are trained in medication management, emergency response, and daily care techniques.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Emotional and Mental Health Support</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Ask about counselling or stroke survivor support groups to address emotional well-being.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Follow-Up Appointments</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Schedule visits with stroke medicine, neurologists, cardiologists, and rehabilitation specialists for ongoing care.</li></ul></li></ol><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Tips for Caregivers</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Caring for a loved one post-stroke is demanding, but with the right tools, it becomes manageable:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stay Organised</strong>: Use calendars or apps to track appointments, medications, and therapy sessions.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Encourage Independence</strong>: Allow your loved one to participate in their recovery to build confidence.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lean on Support Networks</strong>: Family, friends, and professional services can share the caregiving load.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Adherence to Medication Is Critical</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Patients and caregivers must ensure that medications are taken as instructed. Medications prescribed post-stroke are designed to:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Prevent a recurrence of stroke by managing risk factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood clot formation.</li><li dir="ltr">Support neurological recovery and reduce potential complications.</li><li dir="ltr">Aid in managing underlying conditions like diabetes or cardiovascular disease.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">At this juncture, one of the most important steps toward recovery is&nbsp;<strong>strictly following the medication plan prescribed by your doctor</strong>. Stroke patients must not resort to alternative medications or self-treatment, as this can significantly compromise their recovery or lead to severe complications. Always consult your doctor for guidance and adhere to the treatment plan for the best possible outcomes.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Explore more detailed news about Stroke Rehabilitation at Amrita Hospital, Kochi—Stroke Medicine Department. As a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi">world-class healthcare provider in Kochi</a>, we have a leading center of excellence in stroke rehabilitation, providing specialised care for stroke survivors to regain mobility, independence, and confidence.</p><p dir="ltr">Our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/speciality-departments/stroke-medicine">Stroke Medicine Department</a> brings together a team of highly skilled professionals, including neurologists, physical therapists, speech pathologists, occupational therapists, and dieticians, who collaborate to design personalised rehabilitation plans tailored to each patient’s unique needs.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Falls and Promoting Safety After Stroke</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Falls are a common risk for stroke survivors, but with the right precautions, they can be prevented.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Common Fall Risks for Stroke Survivors</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Stroke survivors often experience:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.</li><li dir="ltr">Balance issues due to muscle coordination challenges.</li><li dir="ltr">Visual or cognitive impairments.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Fall Prevention Tips</strong></h3><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>In the Bathroom</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Install grab bars and use a shower chair.</li><li dir="ltr">Consider a hand-held showerhead for seated bathing.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>In the Living Room</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Remove clutter and secure rugs to prevent tripping.</li><li dir="ltr">Use furniture with armrests for easier sitting and standing.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>In the Kitchen</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Place commonly used items within easy reach.</li><li dir="ltr">Prepare simple meals to conserve energy.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>General Safety</strong><ul><li dir="ltr">Wear non-skid footwear.</li><li dir="ltr">Ensure adequate lighting throughout the home.&nbsp;</li></ul></li></ol><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Professional Support for Safety</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical Therapists</strong>: Help improve balance and mobility with targeted exercises.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Occupational Therapists</strong>: Provide recommendations for home modifications and adaptive devices.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>A Holistic Approach to Stroke Recovery</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At the very core of effective stroke recovery is a multidisciplinary approach that combines physical therapy, speech pathology, nutritional counselling, and caregiver training. Empowering caregivers to assist patients with exercises, safety measures, and emotional support ensures a smoother transition from hospital care to home recovery. Along with professional help, adherence to medical plans, regular follow-ups, and essential lifestyle modifications can prevent complications and promote long-term well-being.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Creating a safe and supportive environment at home, adopting fall-prevention measures, and leveraging assistive devices further enhance recovery outcomes. Stroke rehabilitation is a collaborative effort that involves patients, caregivers, and medical professionals working together to achieve the best possible results.</p><p dir="ltr">Recovery after a stroke is not just a possibility, but you can make it real with the right care, dedication, and support.</p>

Stroke Rehabilitation - Management, Recovery & Care Plan

<p dir="ltr">A condition not so common in the 21st century but once a major concern for sailors and seafarers of medieval times, scurvy accounts for more deaths than battles, storms, or all other diseases combined. Commonly connected with malnutrition, it may be surprising that scurvy exists, even with abundant food choices and nutritional awareness. This vitamin C deficiency disorder continues to affect people worldwide, making it crucial to understand its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.</p><p dir="ltr">This deficiency disorder is a stark reminder of the critical role nutrition plays in human health. In this blog, we delve into scurvy, examining its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.</p><h2 dir="ltr">What is Scurvy?</h2><p dir="ltr">Scurvy is a condition that develops due to severe vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency in the body. This essential nutrient plays a vital role in various bodily functions, particularly in the formation of collagen, a protein crucial for healthy skin, bones, and blood vessels.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Without adequate vitamin C, the body struggles to repair tissues, leading to a cascade of debilitating symptoms. When the body lacks vitamin C for an extended period, typically 3 months or more, the symptoms of scurvy begin to appear.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">It was common among sailors in the 15th and 18th centuries due to prolonged voyages without fresh produce. Today, it is found in malnourished individuals, people with restrictive diets, and in some cases of substance abuse.</p><h2 dir="ltr">What is the Role of Vitamin C?</h2><p dir="ltr">Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that isn't stored by the body. This means we need to obtain it regularly through our diet. Fruits and vegetables are the primary sources of vitamin C. It is vital for numerous physiological functions, including:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Collagen production, which is essential for maintaining skin, blood vessels, and connective tissues.</li><li dir="ltr">Immune system support, which enhances white blood cell function to fight infections.</li><li dir="ltr">Antioxidant properties of vitamin C protect the cells from oxidative damage.</li><li dir="ltr">Facilitating absorption of non-heme iron from plant-based foods.</li><li dir="ltr">Promotion of wound healing.</li><li dir="ltr">Production of neurotransmitters.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Excellent Sources of Vitamin C</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fruit/Vegetable</strong></p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Vitamin C (mg per 100 g)</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Guava</p><p dir="ltr">228</p><p dir="ltr">Bell pepper (red)</p><p dir="ltr">127</p><p dir="ltr">Broccoli</p><p dir="ltr">89</p><p dir="ltr">Papaya</p><p dir="ltr">87</p><p dir="ltr">Brussel sprouts</p><p dir="ltr">75</p><p dir="ltr">Potato</p><p dir="ltr">72</p><p dir="ltr">Kiwi fruit</p><p dir="ltr">65</p><p dir="ltr">Snow Peas</p><p dir="ltr">60</p><p dir="ltr">Strawberries</p><p dir="ltr">59</p><p dir="ltr">Orange</p><p dir="ltr">53</p><p dir="ltr">Lemon</p><p dir="ltr">53</p><p dir="ltr">Grapefruit</p><p dir="ltr">51</p><p dir="ltr">Leafy vegetables</p><p dir="ltr">50</p><p dir="ltr">Cauliflower</p><p dir="ltr">48</p><p dir="ltr">Pineapple</p><p dir="ltr">48</p><p dir="ltr">Cantaloupe</p><p dir="ltr">30</p><p dir="ltr">Tomatoes</p><p dir="ltr">23</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Symptoms and Causes of Scurvy&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">Scurvy progresses gradually, with early signs often overlooked until the condition worsens. Symptoms can be divided into early-stage or primary-stage and advanced-stage manifestations:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Primary Symptoms:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Fatigue and weakness</li><li dir="ltr">Swollen, bleeding gums</li><li dir="ltr">Painful joints and muscles</li><li dir="ltr">Easy bruising</li><li dir="ltr">Slow wound healing</li><li dir="ltr">Dry, rough skin</li><li dir="ltr">Red spots on the skin or petechiae</li><li dir="ltr">Corkscrew-shaped body hair</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Advanced Symptoms:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Depression and anxiety</li><li dir="ltr">Severe joint pain</li><li dir="ltr">Tooth loss</li><li dir="ltr">Internal bleeding</li><li dir="ltr">Poor wound healing</li><li dir="ltr">Jaundice</li><li dir="ltr">Fever</li><li dir="ltr">Convulsions</li><li dir="ltr">Anaemia</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Common Causes:&nbsp;</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Scurvy is directly linked to a vitamin C deficiency, due to insufficient dietary intake or other factors affecting its absorption and utilisation.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Poor diet lacking fresh fruits and vegetables</li><li dir="ltr">Alcoholism and substance abuse</li><li dir="ltr">Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa</li><li dir="ltr">Mental health conditions affecting diet</li><li dir="ltr">Certain medical conditions affecting nutrient absorption</li><li dir="ltr">Restrictive diets</li><li dir="ltr">Limited access to fresh produce</li><li dir="ltr">Increased dependence on processed foods</li><li dir="ltr">Malabsorption disorders like Crohn’s disease, Celiac disease, etc</li><li dir="ltr">Increased nutritional demands in the case of pregnant and lactating women</li><li dir="ltr">Chronic illnesses like renal failure, cancer, or infections</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Scurvy in Children</h2><p dir="ltr">As a rare medical condition compared to other nutritional deficiencies, scurvy is often misdiagnosed as other diseases. It can be observed in children with abnormal dietary habits, malabsorption issues, physical disabilities, or mental illness.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Early symptoms of scurvy in children include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Irritability</li><li dir="ltr">Joint pain</li><li dir="ltr">Lack of appetite</li><li dir="ltr">Anaemia</li><li dir="ltr">Petechiae (tiny spots of bleeding under the skin)</li><li dir="ltr">Weakness</li><li dir="ltr">Poor wound healing</li><li dir="ltr">Failure to gain weight</li></ul><p dir="ltr">In children, scurvy can manifest in two ways:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Children with mobility issues:&nbsp;</strong>Children with certain neurological conditions that affect mobility might not experience joint pain commonly associated with scurvy. In such cases, the chances of scurvy might be suspected only when they show additional signs and symptoms, like bleeding gums or bruising.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Children without mobility problems:</strong> For children without mobility issues, early symptoms of scurvy may include joint pain, weakness, and loss of mobility.</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Joint pain in children is often misdiagnosed as arthritis, given that scurvy is a rare condition. However, joint pain can be a symptom of various other diseases or conditions, apart from arthritis. Given the broad range of potential causes, a thorough medical examination by a <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/rheumatology-and-clinical-immunology">paediatric rheumatologist</a> is essential to make an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Diagnosis and Tests for Scurvy&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">Diagnosing scurvy requires clinical evaluation, dietary history, and laboratory investigations to confirm vitamin C deficiency and rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. Timely diagnosis is critical, as untreated scurvy can lead to severe complications.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Clinical Evaluation:</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">The diagnostic process begins with a thorough assessment of symptoms and physical signs:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms:</strong> Fatigue, swollen and bleeding gums, bruising, and delayed wound healing.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical Examination:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Presence of petechiae (small red or purple spots caused by bleeding).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Swollen joints and signs of musculoskeletal pain.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Evidence of gum disease or loose teeth.</li></ul></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Dietary History:&nbsp;</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">A detailed review of the patient’s eating habits to identify low intake of vitamin C-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables. It involves a discussion of lifestyle factors, including substance abuse or restrictive diets.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Laboratory Tests:</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Laboratory investigations play a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis of scurvy. The common tests done include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Serum vitamin C levels (below 11 μmol/L confirm deficiency)</li><li dir="ltr">Complete blood count (to detect anaemia)</li><li dir="ltr">Imaging (to identify&nbsp; skeletal abnormalities in severe cases)</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Differential Diagnosis:</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Conditions like gingivitis, vasculitis, or coagulation disorders may mimic scurvy and must be ruled out by conducting tests for the same.</p><p dir="ltr">Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and promote a full recovery. At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we utilise advanced diagnostic tools and techniques to ensure precise identification of nutritional deficiencies like scurvy. Our multidisciplinary team of specialists works collaboratively to provide personalised care, addressing both the root cause and its symptoms.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Treatment and Care for Scurvy&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">Scurvy is a completely treatable condition when diagnosed early and managed appropriately. The focus of the treatment is replenishing the body’s vitamin C levels and addressing any complications caused by the deficiency.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">A comprehensive care plan also includes dietary improvements, supportive treatments, and monitoring for recovery.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Vitamin C Supplementation:&nbsp;</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">The primary treatment for scurvy is vitamin C replacement therapy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Oral Supplements: Adults typically require 300–1000 mg of vitamin C per day for 1–2 weeks until symptoms improve.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Maintenance doses of 75–90 mg daily will help prevent recurrence.</li><li dir="ltr">Intravenous Vitamin C is administered in severe cases where oral supplementation is not possible due to malabsorption or gastrointestinal issues.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Dietary Modifications:</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Improving the diet to include vitamin C-rich foods is essential for long-term recovery and prevention.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Fruits:</strong> Oranges, lemons, strawberries, kiwi, and guavas.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Vegetables:</strong> Bell peppers, broccoli, spinach and tomatoes.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">An expert dietician can help develop a balanced meal plan tailored to the patient’s needs and preferences.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Management of Symptoms:</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Scurvy can lead to various complications, which require additional medical attention:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Gum Health:</strong> Treatment for swollen and bleeding gums may involve professional dental cleaning and mouth rinses.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Wound Care:</strong> Special wound care is needed for ulcers or slow-healing injuries.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain Relief:</strong> Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other pain management strategies may be employed for joint and muscle pain.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Anaemia Treatment:</strong> In cases where anaemia develops, iron supplementation or transfusions may be necessary.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital, Kochi, provides comprehensive care for scurvy by combining expert medical treatments with patient education and counselling. With our patient-centred approach, we ensure effective recovery and empower you to take charge of your health.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Preventive Measures for Scurvy&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">Preventing scurvy is simple and revolves around maintaining adequate levels of vitamin C through a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle practices. By ensuring proper nutrition and addressing risk factors, individuals can avoid this entirely preventable condition.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Dietary Strategies:&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Incorporate vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables like citruses, papayas, green leaves, bell peppers, etc. in your daily meals.</li><li dir="ltr">Opt for fresh and raw produce to retain their nutritional value, as vitamin C is sensitive to heat and light. Also, avoid overcooking or reheating foods rich in vitamin C.</li><li dir="ltr">Combine vitamin C-rich foods with a diet that includes proteins, healthy fats, and whole grains.</li><li dir="ltr">Focus on the variety of foods to ensure all essential nutrients are consumed.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Healthy Lifestyle Practices:&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Reduce substance abuse like excessive alcohol consumption and smoking, which can deplete vitamin C levels.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Seek medical advice to manage diseases that affect nutrition absorption, like Crohn’s disease or coeliac disease.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Consumption of Supplements:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">For individuals with dietary restrictions or increased nutritional needs, vitamin C supplements can be taken under medical supervision.</li><li dir="ltr">Pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as people recovering from illnesses, may benefit from additional supplementation.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Awareness and Education:&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Periodic consultations with a healthcare provider can help detect early signs of nutritional deficiencies.</li><li dir="ltr">Spreading awareness regarding the importance of vitamin C and its role in health.</li><li dir="ltr">Community health programs and nutritional counselling can empower individuals to make informed dietary choices.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Stay Scurvy-Free with Expert Care at Amrita Hospital, Kochi</h2><p dir="ltr">While scurvy may seem like a medical condition of the past, its presence in modern times reminds us of the importance of proper nutrition. Understanding its causes, recognising symptoms early, and maintaining adequate vitamin C intake through diet or supplementation are crucial measures for prevention. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for effective recovery and to prevent complications. With proper medical care and lifestyle modifications, scurvy is entirely preventable and treatable.</p><p dir="ltr">With highly advanced facilities and dedicated healthcare professionals, Amrita Hospital, Kochi, provides compassionate care and a complete treatment plan to tackle nutritional deficiencies like scurvy. Our multidisciplinary approach focuses on treatment and prevention while empowering you to lead a healthier life.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Stay proactive about your health. Visit Amrita Hospital, Kochi, for <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi">world-class comprehensive healthcare</a> to safeguard against nutritional deficiencies.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Frequently Asked Questions</h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>What happens in scurvy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Scurvy occurs when the body lacks vitamin C, leading to weakened collagen production. This results in symptoms like bleeding gums, joint pain, slow wound healing, and easy bruising. If left untreated, it can cause serious complications affecting multiple body systems.</p><ol start="2"><li dir="ltr"><strong>What fruits and vegetables are rich in a scurvy diet?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fruits:</strong> Oranges, guavas, kiwis, and strawberries.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Vegetables:</strong> Red bell peppers, broccoli, spinach, and tomatoes.</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><strong>How was scurvy cured?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Historically, scurvy was cured by introducing citrus fruits like lemons and oranges into the diet, as these are rich in vitamin C.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr"><strong>What is the treatment for scurvy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Treatment involves vitamin C supplementation (100–200 mg/day) and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Recovery is typically rapid once vitamin C levels are restored.</p><ol start="5"><li dir="ltr"><strong>When is Scurvy Awareness Day?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">International Scurvy Awareness Day is observed annually on May 2nd to promote understanding of this preventable condition.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

Scurvy: What You Need to Know to Identify and Prevent the Vitamin C Deficiency

<p dir="ltr">Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Pneumoviridae family, is a respiratory virus that affects individuals across all age groups, particularly young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. This is not a new virus; it has been reported since 2001. Common symptoms include coughing, nasal congestion, fever, and, in severe cases, wheezing or difficulty breathing. The virus can lead to complications such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis in vulnerable populations. Remember, Prevention is the key!&nbsp;<strong>Prevention through good hygiene and awareness remains the most effective way to combat the virus.</strong></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who is at Risk?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Certain groups are more susceptible to severe HMPV infections:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Children under five years:</strong> Infants are at the highest risk of developing complications such as bronchiolitis.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Older adults:</strong> Particularly those above 65 years of age or with chronic respiratory conditions like COPD or asthma.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Immunocompromised individuals:</strong> Those undergoing treatments such as chemotherapy or with conditions that weaken their immune systems.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How Does HMPV Spread?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">HMPV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets from sneezes or coughs, close contact, or touching contaminated surfaces followed by contact with the mouth, nose, or eyes. The virus is most active in late winter and spring.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While symptoms can vary between individuals, the most common signs include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Cough and runny nose</li><li dir="ltr">Fever</li><li dir="ltr">Sore throat</li><li dir="ltr">Wheezing or difficulty breathing in severe cases</li></ul><p dir="ltr">In children, the virus often presents as severe respiratory infections, requiring close monitoring.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Prevention</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of HMPV infections:</p><ol><li dir="ltr">Wash hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water.</li><li dir="ltr">Wear masks during outbreaks or in crowded areas.</li><li dir="ltr">Disinfect frequently touched surfaces.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid close contact with sick individuals.</li><li dir="ltr">Stay home if unwell to prevent the spread of the virus.</li></ol><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Testing and Diagnosis</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Healthcare providers usually diagnose HMPV based on symptoms and health history. Laboratory tests, such as PCR or antigen tests, are performed in severe cases or during outbreaks to confirm the diagnosis.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Currently, no specific antiviral medication or vaccine exists for HMPV. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Rest and hydration</li><li dir="ltr">Over-the-counter medications for fever and congestion</li><li dir="ltr">Hospitalisation for severe cases requiring oxygen therapy or intravenous fluids</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>When to Seek Medical Attention</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Seek medical care if symptoms worsen, include difficulty breathing, or occur alongside chronic health conditions like asthma or COPD.</p><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital offers dedicated&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/speciality-departments/respiratory-medicine">respiratory</a> and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/infectious-diseases">infectious medicine</a> departments to address a wide range of breathing-related conditions and infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">It is better advised to consult our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/respiratory-medicine">expert doctors from respiratory medicine</a> or infectious departments for expert guidance and support.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How is HMPV Different from COVID-19?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">HMPV is not as deadly as COVID-19, but it is a significant respiratory virus that requires attention, particularly for vulnerable populations like young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Unlike COVID-19, HMPV is not a global pandemic-level threat, but its symptoms can lead to severe complications, such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, in vulnerable individuals. It is essential to understand this virus and take preventive measures to protect against it. HMPV primarily causes upper respiratory symptoms similar to the common cold, while COVID-19 often leads to systemic symptoms and higher rates of severe complications.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Is HMPV similar to RSV or the flu?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Yes, HMPV shares similarities with RSV and the flu, particularly in symptoms. However, unlike RSV, it also significantly affects older adults, and there is currently no vaccine available for HMPV.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Can you get HMPV more than once?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Yes, reinfections are possible as immunity is not long-lasting.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>How long does the infection last?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Mild cases resolve within a week or two, but severe infections can lead to prolonged recovery.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Is HMPV contagious?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Highly contagious, HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>What are the risks for pregnant women?</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Pregnant women with HMPV may face respiratory complications, affecting maternal and foetal health. Preventive measures are crucial.</p>

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