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<p dir="ltr">When women hear medical terms about their reproductive health, it can sometimes sound concerning, especially if it’s something unfamiliar. One such term that you might come across during a gynaecological check-up is anteverted uterus, which describes the position of the uterus when it tilts toward the bladder and anterior abdomen.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Far from being a problem, this is actually the most common and normal uterine position. Understanding this simple anatomical variation can help ease unnecessary worries and is a normal finding that it does not affect fertility, sexual function, or overall health.</p><h2>What is an Anteverted Uterus?</h2><p dir="ltr">The uterus is a small, pear-shaped organ located in the pelvis, playing a vital role in menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">An anteverted uterus simply means that the uterus tilts forward towards the bladder and lower abdomen. This forward tilt is the natural position for most women.</p><p dir="ltr">Now, to understand it better, let’s compare it with another variation:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Anteverted uterus- tilted forward towards the urinary bladder</li><li dir="ltr">Retroverted uterus- tilted backwards, toward the spine.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Both positions are normal and usually don’t cause health problems. The anteverted uterus, however, is far more common and is considered the standard orientation of the uterus.</p><p dir="ltr">In fact, an anteverted uterus has several benefits. The strong ligaments pull the uterus from behind and the sides, causing it to tilt forward and rest on the urinary bladder at an angle, rather than being aligned with the vagina. This natural positioning helps prevent uterine prolapse<strong>,</strong> a condition commonly seen when the uterus is not anteverted.</p><h2 dir="ltr">How Common is an&nbsp; Anteverted Uterus?&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">If you’ve been told that you’ve an anteverted uterus, you’re definitely not alone. In fact, this is the most common uterine position among women. Research shows that about 60–80% of women naturally have their uterus tilted forward toward the bladder&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">This makes an anteverted uterus the standard orientation, not a disorder or medical problem. Just as people differ in height or hair colour, the uterus can have slight variations in positioning. Anteversion simply happens to be the most frequent and completely normal one.</p><p dir="ltr">So if you hear the term during a check-up, you can feel reassured; it’s a natural anatomical variation shared by the majority of women worldwide.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Why is it Considered Normal?</h2><p dir="ltr">The uterus, like other organs in the body, can naturally vary in its position. An anteverted uterus is considered normal because it’s the most common orientation and does not interfere with the body’s natural functions.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Does not affect fertility</strong> – Women with this uterine position can conceive and carry pregnancies normally.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Does not interfere with menstruation</strong> – Period flow and cycles remain unaffected.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Does not impact sexual function</strong> – Most women will not notice any difference during intercourse.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Symptoms and When to Consult a Doctor</h2><p dir="ltr">For the majority of women out there, an anteverted uterus is asymptomatic, meaning it has no noticeable signs or discomfort. In fact, many only learn about it during a pelvic examination, or an ultrasound for some other reasons.<br>However in rare cases, some women may experience:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Mild pelvic pressure or discomfort</li><li dir="ltr">Occasional pain during intercourse</li><li dir="ltr">A sensation of bladder pressure(since the uterus tilts towards the bladder)</li></ul><p dir="ltr">It is important to note that these symptoms are uncommon and are often linked to other underlying conditions rather than the anteverted uterus itself.</p><p dir="ltr">You should consider consulting a doctor if you experience:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Persistent pelvic pressure or discomfort</li><li dir="ltr">Unexplained heavy or irregular bleeding</li><li dir="ltr">Difficulty with urination or bowel movements</li><li dir="ltr">Trouble conceiving despite trying for a year or more</li></ul><p dir="ltr">An anteverted uterus alone is not a health concern. But if symptoms appear, a gynaecologist can rule out other causes and provide reassurance or treatment if necessary.<br>Most women live their whole lives with an anteverted uterus without knowing about it, because it doesn’t cause problems or affect their health.</p><h2 dir="ltr">How is an Anteverted Uterus Diagnosed?</h2><p dir="ltr">Most women don’t even know they have an anteverted uterus until a doctor points it out during a routine check-up. It’s usually found by chance, since it rarely causes symptoms.</p><p dir="ltr">Doctors can confirm the position of the uterus in two main ways:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical pelvic exam</strong> – During a routine gynaecological exam, a doctor may gently feel the uterus through the abdominal wall and vagina. This helps them determine whether the uterus tilts forward (anteverted) or backwards (retroverted).</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ultrasound imaging</strong> – If more clarity is needed, an ultrasound provides a clear picture of the uterus. This can be done in two ways:</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Transabdominal ultrasound</strong> – where a probe is placed on the abdomen.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Transvaginal ultrasound</strong> – where a probe is gently inserted into the vagina for a closer view of the pelvic organs.&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Most importantly, diagnosis isn’t something to worry about; it’s simply a descriptive observation of your anatomy, not a disease or problem.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Possible Changes in Uterine Position</h2><p dir="ltr">Although an anteverted uterus is the most common position, the orientation of the uterus isn’t fixed for life. It can naturally shift due to certain events or conditions in a woman’s life.</p><p dir="ltr">Some common factors that may change uterine position include:</p><ol><li dir="ltr">Pregnancy- As the uterus expands to support a growing baby, its angle and tilt may temporarily change.</li><li dir="ltr">Surgery- procedures such as a C-section or pelvic surgery can alter the way the uterus is positioned.</li><li dir="ltr">Fibroids or pelvic conditions- Growths like fibroids or other pelvic issues may push the uterus slightly forward, backwards, or to the side.</li></ol><p dir="ltr">There are also variants of uterine positioning that may be observed, such as an anteverted retroflexed uterus, where the uterus tilts but also blends slightly backwards at the same time. These variations are usually harmless and don’t interfere with reproductive health.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">In most cases, a change in uterine position doesn’t cause a health problem; it’s simply another normal variation of female anatomy.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Effects on Fertility and Pregnancy</h2><p dir="ltr">One of the most common questions women have after hearing they have an anteverted uterus is whether it will affect their chances of becoming pregnant. The good news is - it does not.</p><p dir="ltr">An anteverted uterus has no impact on infertility or the ability to conceive. Women with this uterine position can:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Get pregnant naturally</li><li dir="ltr">Carry a healthy pregnancy to term</li><li dir="ltr">Deliver without complications related to uterine tilt</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Myth-Buster:&nbsp;</strong>Having an anteverted uterus may never even be known about until a doctor mentions it during an examination or scan, because it does not affect their reproductive health or pregnancy outcomes.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Understanding the Normalcy of Anteverted Uterus</h2><p dir="ltr">An anteverted uterus is not a condition to be worried about; it’s simply a natural and very common anatomical variation. In fact, most women have it and never experience any symptoms or problems. It does not affect fertility, menstruation, or pregnancy, and for the majority, it’s just another normal aspect of the body’s unique design.</p><p dir="ltr">So if you’ve been told you have an anteverted uterus, take comfort in knowing that it’s completely healthy and normal. Still, if you experience unusual pain, irregular bleeding, or concerns about reproductive health, it’s always best to seek professional guidance.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Take the Next Step With Expert Care</h2><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our Department of Gynaecology provides compassionate, expert-led care for every stage of a woman’s life. Whether you’re seeking clarity about uterine health, planning a pregnancy, or managing gynaecological concerns, our specialists are here to support you with world-class medical expertise and a personalised approach.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Book your consultation today with Amrita Kochi Gynaecology, and take charge of your reproductive health with confidence.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Anteverted Uterus: What It Means and Why It’s Considered Normal

Advancements in Breast Cancer Detection and Treatment

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)

Causes and Remedies for Weight Gain in Women

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<p dir="ltr">The kidneys are one of the most vital organs in the human body that are responsible for fluid regulation, filtration, and maintaining electrolyte levels. When your kidneys don’t work properly, toxins and excess fluids can build up in your body, leading to serious health issues. This is why Kidney Function Tests are important.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">In this blog, we’ll discuss everything you need to know about kidney function tests, from what they are and why they matter to how they’re conducted and how to interpret the results.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What are Kidney Function Tests?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Kidney function tests include a number of blood and urine tests that help in analysing the functioning of the kidneys. It is used to measure kidney health, such as how effectively they are filtering waste, balancing fluids, and maintaining electrolyte levels. The test results are used by the doctors to diagnose kidney conditions, to check the progression of the diseases, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment plans. These tests consider the levels of waste products like urea and creatinine, electrolytes like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium Phosphorus and proteins in the urine.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Kidney Tests are Necessary?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Many of the kidney diseases and problems develop slowly and don’t show any signs until the condition has advanced. Early detection through kidney function tests can help prevent further complications. Conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure are some of the main causes of kidney damage. So, testing regularly helps mitigate complications. These tests also help doctors to adjust the medications and lifestyle and decide on the necessity of dialysis.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Are the Types of Kidney Function Tests?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Two main types of tests and urine test, are used to measure different aspects of kidney health.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Blood Urea (BU)</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The Blood Urea test is carried out to measure the amount of urea, a waste product, in the bloodstream. Urea, formed during the process of protein breakdown, is typically filtered out by the kidneys. High levels of BU in the blood can indicate that the kidneys are not working properly. However, BU levels can also be affected by other factors like dehydration, a high-protein diet, or certain medications, so it is often interpreted in conjunction with other tests like the creatinine test.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Serum Creatinine</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Creatinine is a waste product from the normal wear and tear of muscle tissue. It is produced at a relatively constant rate and is almost entirely filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. The serum creatinine test measures the level of creatinine in the blood. Since the body produces creatinine at a steady rate, a high level in the blood is a strong indicator that your kidneys are not filtering it out efficiently, a sign of kidney damage.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Estimated GFR (eGFR)</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is consideredas one of the best tests to understand kidney function. The glomeruli are tiny filters in your kidneys that clean your blood. The GFR measures how much blood passes through these filters per minute. An eGFR is an estimate based on your blood creatinine level, age, sex, and race. It is a simple and non-invasive way to get a clear idea of your kidney’s filtering capacity. A healthy GFR is typically 90 or higher.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3>Microalbuminuria</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">This is a urine test that checks for the presence of albumin, a protein, in your urine. Healthy kidneys prevent albumin from passing from the blood into the urine. Even a small amount of albumin in the urine, a condition known as microalbuminuria, can be one of the earliest signs of kidney disease, especially in people with diabetes or hypertension.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Urinalysis</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">A urinalysis is a comprehensive test that examines a urine sample for various substances. It can detect the presence of protein, blood, white blood cells, and other markers. It can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including&nbsp;glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and even diabetes. A urinalysis can be a simple, routine part of a health check-up.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How the Tests are Performed</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Kidney function tests are easy to carry out with minimal preparation. They involve collecting either a blood sample or a urine sample.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">24-hr Urine Sample</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">This test provides a more comprehensive look at your kidney function over a full day. You will be given a container to collect all of your urine for a 24-hour period. You'll be instructed to collect all urine passed during the day, storing the container in a cool place, like a refrigerator. After the 24-hour period, you will return the sample to the lab for analysis. This method is particularly useful for measuring the total amount of protein or other substances excreted in your urine throughout a day.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Blood Samples</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">A blood test for kidney function is quick and simple. A healthcare professional, called a phlebotomist, will draw a blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm. The process takes only a few minutes. You may be required to fast for a certain period before the test, and your doctor will inform you of any other specific instructions, such as avoiding certain foods or medications.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Results and Follow-Up</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Understanding the results of your kidney function tests is crucial for maintaining your health. Your doctor will interpret the results in the context of your overall health, age, and medical history.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">What do the results of my kidney function test mean?</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The results of your kidney tests indicate how well your kidneys are filtering waste and maintaining electrolyte balance. Abnormal results may suggest kidney disease, dehydration, infection, or other underlying conditions.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Estimated glomerular filtration rate</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The eGFR result is often a key focus. The value is a number that represents a percentage of your total kidney function. A higher number is better. The stages of chronic kidney diseases:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stage 1: Normal eGFR:</strong> 90 mL/min/1.73m² or higher</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stage 2: Mildly decreased function</strong>: 60–89 mL/min/1.73m²</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stage 3: Moderate impairment:&nbsp;</strong>30–59 mL/min/1.73m²</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stage 4: Severe impairment:</strong> 15–29 mL/min/1.73m²</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stage 5: Kidney failure (end stage if kidney disease):</strong> Less than 15 mL/min/1.73m²</li><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Interpretation of the eGFR value</h3></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Above 60:</strong> Generally considered normal, unless other markers show abnormality.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Below 60:</strong> Indicates possible chronic kidney disease.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Below 15:</strong> Suggests kidney failure, requiring dialysis or transplant evaluation.</li><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr">Urine albumin-creatinine ratio</h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR) is a simple way toidentify kidney damages. A normal uACR is less than 30 mg/g. A ratio between 30 mg/g and 300 mg/g indicates microalbuminuria, a sign of early kidney disease. A ratio over 300 mg/g is a sign of macroalbuminuria and more advanced kidney damage. The higher the ratio, the more serious the kidney damage.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>When to See a Doctor?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Kidney diseases can often progress without any signs or symptoms in its early stage. Therefore, regular testing is important. However, if you experience any of the following symptoms, you should consult a doctor immediately:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Frequent urination, especially at night, or reduced urine output.</li><li dir="ltr">Swelling in your ankles, feet, hands, or face, often a sign of fluid retention.</li><li dir="ltr">Extreme tiredness and lack of energy.</li><li dir="ltr">A buildup of toxins can cause nausea and vomiting.</li><li dir="ltr">You may feel full or have a metallic taste in your mouth, with loss of appetite.</li><li dir="ltr">A buildup of waste products in your blood can cause severe itching.</li><li dir="ltr">Electrolyte imbalances can lead to muscle spasms.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Test Your Kidneys' Functioning with Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Your kidneys play a vital role in keeping your body balanced and healthy, and regular check-ups can help identify problems before they become serious. At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, you get access to advanced diagnostic facilities, expert nephrologists, and a patient-centered approach to care. Whether it’s a routine kidney function test or specialised treatment, our team ensures accurate results and timely guidance.</p><p dir="ltr">Book your kidney function test at Amrita Hospital, Kochi, and give your body the care it deserves.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2><ol><li dir="ltr">What is the basic test for kidney function?</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Basic kidney function tests include blood and urine sample testing to evaluate the kidneys' efficiency in filtering waste, maintaining the fluid balance, and electrolyte balance. Most commonly conducted blood tests include creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The albuminuria test is an important urine test done to check the protein content in urine.&nbsp;</p><ol start="2"><li dir="ltr">What are the signs of poor kidney function?</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Some of the most common symptoms of poor kidney function are swollen feet and ankles, persistent fatigue, dry and itchy skin, diseased urine output, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in concentrating, and a general feeling of weakness.&nbsp;</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr">What damages the kidney the most?</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Common contributors to kidney disease include diabetes and high blood pressure. Uncontrolled diabetes can cause high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), which can damage the vital organs, including the kidneys.&nbsp;</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr">How to improve kidney function?</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, adopting a heart-healthy, low-sodium diet, maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding smoking and drinking can improve kidney health to a great extent. Conducting regular check-ups and limiting the use of over-the-counter pain relievers are also advised by the doctors.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Kidney Function Test: A Beginner’s Guide

<p dir="ltr">Being diagnosed with breast cancer is life-changing, but for many survivors, completing treatment is not the end of the journey. One of the most common concerns, even after recovery, is the possibility of a return of breast cancer. While advancements in early detection and treatment have significantly improved survival rates, understanding the risks, symptoms, and preventative measures of reappearance is crucial for long-term health.</p><p dir="ltr">This article explores the different types of breast cancer recurrence, factors that influence it, and the steps that can help reduce the risk of its return.</p><h2><strong>What is Recurrent Breast Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Recurrent breast cancer occurs when cancer returns after the completion of initial treatment. Even after surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or hormone therapy, a small number of cancer cells may become active again, leading to a reappearance.</p><p dir="ltr">The return of breast cancer can happen in the same area where the cancer originally developed, in nearby lymph nodes, or in the distant parts of the body, such as the bones, lungs, or liver. The return of cancer does not mean that the treatment failed; it often reflects the complex and unpredictable nature of cancer growth and dormancy.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Recognising the relapse of breast cancer early allows for timely intervention and effective management, helping improve long-term outcomes and quality of life for survivors.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Types of Breast Cancer Recurrence</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Breast cancer relapse or reappearance can happen in different areas of the body, and based on where it reappears, it is classified into three main types-local, regional, and distant reappearance. Understanding these distinctions helps in identifying symptoms early and determining the most suitable treatment approach.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Local Recurrence</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Local reappearance occurs when breast cancer returns to the&nbsp;<strong>same breast, chest wall, or surgical scar area</strong> where the original tumour was removed.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Common signs may include:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">A new lump or thickening near the surgical site or under the skin</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in breast shape or skin texture</li><li dir="ltr">Redness, swelling, or discharge from the nipple</li></ul><p>Local reappearance indicates that some cancer cells survived the initial treatment but remained confined to the original area.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Regional Recurrence</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Regional reappearance happens when cancer spreads to&nbsp;<strong>nearby lymph nodes</strong>, such as those under the arm (axillary nodes), around the collarbone (supraclavicular nodes), or near the chest wall—but does not spread to distant organs.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Possible symptoms include:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Swelling or lumps in the underarm or neck area</li><li dir="ltr">Pain or discomfort around the chest or collarbone</li><li dir="ltr">Noticeable changes in the skin near the surgical site</li></ul><p dir="ltr">This type of relapse suggests that cancer cells have moved beyond the original site but remain within the regional area of the breast.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Distant Recurrence (Metastatic Breast Cancer)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Also called&nbsp;<strong>metastatic</strong> or&nbsp;<strong>stage IV breast cancer</strong>, distant relapse occurs when cancer cells spread to&nbsp;<strong>other parts of the body</strong>, such as the bones, lungs, liver, or brain.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Common symptoms may include:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Persistent bone pain or fractures</li><li dir="ltr">Shortness of breath or chronic cough</li><li dir="ltr">Headaches, vision problems, or neurological changes</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue and unexplained weight loss&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Distant reappearance represents an advanced stage of the disease and typically requires systemic treatments like chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or hormone therapy to control its spread and manage symptoms.</p><p dir="ltr">Each type of recurrence requires a different diagnostic and treatment approach. Regular follow-up care and monitoring are key to identifying changes early and ensuring timely, effective management.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Factors Influencing&nbsp; The Return of Breast Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The likelihood of breast cancer returning after treatment varies from person to person. Several biological, treatment-related, and lifestyle factors play a role in determining the&nbsp;<strong>breast cancer recurrence rate</strong>. Understanding these factors can help patients and healthcare providers take proactive steps toward prevention and long-term management.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><br><strong>Biological Factors</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">These are inherent characteristics of the cancer itself that can influence its behaviour and risk of reappearance.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Type and Subtype of Breast Cancer:</strong><br>&nbsp;Certain breast cancer types, such as&nbsp;<strong>triple-negative</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>HER2-positive</strong>, have a higher recurrence rate compared to hormone receptor-positive cancers.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tumour Grade and Stage:</strong><br>&nbsp;High-grade and advanced-stage cancers are more likely to recur since they tend to grow and spread more aggressively.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hormone Receptor and HER2 Status:</strong><ul><li dir="ltr"><em>Hormone receptor-negative cancers</em> (lacking estrogen and progesterone receptors) often recur earlier.</li><li dir="ltr"><em>HER2-positive cancers</em> can recur but respond well to targeted therapies.</li><li dir="ltr"><em>Hormone receptor-positive cancers</em> may recur later, sometimes even after 10 years.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic Factors:</strong><br>&nbsp;Mutations in genes such as&nbsp;<strong>BRCA1</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>BRCA2</strong> increase both the initial and recurrent risk of breast cancer.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment-Related Factors</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">The nature, completeness, and effectiveness of the initial treatment significantly influence the risk of coming back of breast cancer.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Surgical Margins:</strong><br>&nbsp;If cancer cells remain after surgery (positive margins), there’s a higher chance of local reappearance.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Type of Treatment Received:</strong><br>&nbsp;Some patients may not receive the full combination of surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy, affecting long-term control.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Adherence to Therapy:</strong><br>&nbsp;Not completing or discontinuing hormone therapy or chemotherapy prematurely can increase the risk of breast cancer coming back.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Response to Treatment:</strong><br>&nbsp;Tumours that don’t respond well to initial therapy are more prone to reappearance or metastasis.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Lifestyle and Environmental Factors</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Daily habits and overall wellness can influence the body’s ability to prevent cancer from returning.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Obesity and Poor Diet:</strong><br>&nbsp;Excess body fat can elevate estrogen levels, increasing the risk of return of breast cancer, especially in hormone-sensitive cancers.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lack of Physical Activity:</strong><br>&nbsp;Regular exercise helps regulate hormones, reduce inflammation, and boost immune response.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Alcohol Consumption and Smoking:</strong><br>&nbsp;Both have been linked to higher reappearance rates and reduced treatment effectiveness.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stress and Emotional Well-being:</strong><br>&nbsp;Chronic stress may impact immune function, emphasising the importance of mental health care during and after treatment.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Environmental Exposure:</strong><br>&nbsp;Prolonged exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation may also influence the risk of breast cancer coming back.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><p>By understanding these influencing factors, survivors can work closely with their oncologists to design a comprehensive post-treatment plan, combining medical follow-ups, lifestyle changes, and emotional support, to minimise the chances of&nbsp;<em>reappearance of breast cancer</em> and maintain long-term well-being.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer Coming Back</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Recognising the early signs of breast cancer coming back is vital for timely intervention and effective treatment. Symptoms may vary depending on whether the reappearance is local, specific to a region or distant( metastatic). Staying vigilant about any unusual changes and maintaining regular follow-up visits with your oncologist can make a significant difference in managing the condition early.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs of Local Recurrence</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Local reappearance refers to the return of cancer in the same breast, chest wall, or surgical wall area.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Common symptoms include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">A new lump or thickening near the original surgery or scar site</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in the skin around the breast or chest (redness, swelling, or dimpling)</li><li dir="ltr">Nipple discharge, retraction, or changes in appearance</li><li dir="ltr">Persistent pain, tenderness, or itching on the chest wall</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs of Regional Recurrence</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Regional reappearance typically affects the nearby lymph nodes, commonly located under the arm, around the collarbone, or near the chest wall.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>You may notice:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Swelling or lumps in the underarm, collarbone, or neck area</li><li dir="ltr">Pain, tightness, or discomfort in the shoulder or chest</li><li dir="ltr">Numbness or tingling sensation around the arm or upper chest&nbsp;</li></ul><p>These symptoms suggest that cancer cells may have spread locally but are still within the regional lymphatic system.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs of Distant Recurrence</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Distant recurrence means the cancer has spread to other organs, such as the bones, lungs, liver, or brain. Symptoms depend on the organ affected. Common signs include:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Bone metastasis:</strong> Persistent bone pain, fractures, or back pain</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lung metastasis:</strong> Shortness of breath, dry cough, or chest pain</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Liver metastasis:</strong> Abdominal pain, jaundice, or unexplained weight loss</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Brain metastasis:</strong> Headaches, blurred vision, seizures, or balance problems</li></ul><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;<strong>When to Seek Medical Attention</strong></p><p dir="ltr">If you experience any new or persistent symptoms, especially in the chest, underarms, or other parts of the body, schedule an appointment with your doctor immediately. Even years after successful treatment, regular monitoring through physical exams, imaging tests, and blood work is essential for early detection of any signs of it coming back.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Remember:</strong><br>&nbsp;Not every symptom means a recurrence, but prompt medical evaluation ensures peace of mind and, if necessary, early and effective treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is the Risk for Breast Cancer Recurrence?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The risk of breast cancer coming back varies for every individual; it depends on factors like the type of breast cancer, stage at diagnosis, treatment received, and overall health. Generally, the risk is higher in the first five years after treatment, but certain types can recur even later.</p><p dir="ltr">For instance, triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancers tend to have a higher recurrence rate within the first years after treatment, but certain types can recur even later.<br><br>Factors such as age, size of the tumour, lymph node involvement, and lifestyle habits like diet, exercise, and smoking also play a role in influencing recurrence risk.<br><br>While it is completely natural to worry about the coming back of breast cancer, remember that with regular follow-ups, strict adherence to treatment, and a healthy lifestyle, most survivors continue to live long, fulfilling lives after breast cancer. Early detection and awareness remain your strongest allies.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is the Treatment for Breast Cancer Recurrence?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Treatment for breast cancer recurrence depends on&nbsp;<strong>where the cancer has returned</strong>, how extensive it is, and what treatments were used the first time. The goal is to control the disease, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life, and with today’s medical advances, many women respond very well to treatment.</p><p dir="ltr">Here’s how it’s generally approached:</p><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>For Local Recurrence</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">If cancer reappears in the same breast or chest wall:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Surgery</strong> may be performed to remove the new tumour (for example, a mastectomy if only a lumpectomy was done earlier).</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Radiation therapy</strong> might be recommended if it wasn’t used before.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Systemic treatments</strong> such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy can help destroy any remaining cancer cells.</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>For Regional Recurrence</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">When cancer spreads to nearby lymph nodes:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Surgery and radiation</strong> may be combined to remove affected nodes and control local spread.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted drugs</strong> are often added to prevent further progression.</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>For Distant Recurrence (Metastatic Breast Cancer)</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">If cancer has spread to distant organs like the bones, lungs, or liver, it becomes a&nbsp;<strong>chronic condition</strong> managed with ongoing treatment.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Systemic therapies</strong>, including chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted treatments, help control cancer growth.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Palliative care</strong> focuses on symptom management and maintaining the best possible quality of life.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Doctors often personalise the treatment plan based on&nbsp;<strong>tumour biology, genetic markers, and previous response to therapy</strong>. With new-age targeted and immunotherapy drugs, many patients live for years with good control over recurrent breast cancer.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>The key takeaway:</strong> Coming back of breast cancer doesn’t mean the fight is lost; it simply means it’s time for a new, smarter treatment approach guided by your oncology team.</p><h2><strong>Advances in Breast Cancer Recurrence Prevention</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in understanding and preventing breast cancer from coming back. Today, treatment and follow-up care are far more personalised and effective than ever before.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Targeted Therapies:</strong> Drugs that specifically attack cancer cells based on their genetic or molecular makeup, like&nbsp;<em>trastuzumab</em> for HER2-positive cancers, have dramatically reduced reappearance rates.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hormone Therapy Advancements:</strong> Extended hormone therapy for hormone receptor-positive cancers helps prevent late relapse that may appear years after initial treatment.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Immunotherapy:</strong> For aggressive subtypes such as triple-negative breast cancer, immunotherapy helps the body’s immune system recognise and destroy hidden cancer cells.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Precision Medicine:</strong> Genetic testing (like BRCA, PIK3CA, and Oncotype DX) allows doctors to customise treatments and predict recurrence risks with greater accuracy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Enhanced Surveillance:</strong> Advanced imaging and biomarker-based blood tests now make it possible to detect the return of breast cancer earlier, improving treatment outcomes.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><p>These advances collectively represent a shift from one-size-fits-all treatment to&nbsp;<strong>personalised care</strong>, improving both survival and quality of life for breast cancer survivors.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Coming Back</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While not all recurrences can be prevented, adopting a healthy and mindful lifestyle can make a genuinely meaningful difference. Here’s how you can lower your risk:</p><h4><strong>Stick to Your Treatment Plan</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">Complete all prescribed therapies, including hormone or targeted therapy, even if you feel well.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Stay Active</strong>&nbsp;</h4><p>Engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Physical activity helps regulate hormones and boosts immunity.</p><h4><strong>Eat a Balanced Diet&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Focus on whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables. Limit processed foods, sugar, and alcohol.</p><h4><strong>Maintain a Healthy Weight</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">Excess weight can increase oestrogen levels, which raises the risk of reappearance in hormone-sensitive cancers.</p><h4><strong>Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">Both have been linked to a higher relapse rate and reduced treatment effectiveness.</p><h4><strong>Manage Stress</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">Practices like yoga, meditation, and counselling can help maintain emotional balance and improve overall health.</p><h4><strong>Keep Up with Regular Check-ups</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">Schedule regular follow-ups, mammograms, and imaging tests as recommended by your doctor.<br><br>Small, consistent steps go a long way in protecting your health and preventing cancer from returning.</p><h2><strong>Staying Ahead of Recurrence with Expert Care at Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While the thought of breast cancer coming back can be overwhelming, it’s important to remember that awareness, timely monitoring, and continued medical guidance make a world of difference. With the right combination of advanced treatment, preventive care, and lifestyle choices, many survivors go on to live long, healthy, and fulfilling lives.</p><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong>, we combine world-class <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/medical-oncology"><strong>oncology expertise</strong></a> with compassionate, personalised care to support every step of your healing journey. Our multidisciplinary team utilises the latest diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, and ongoing follow-up programs to help you stay ahead of relapse and maintain your overall well-being.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Take charge of your breast health today by booking a consultation with our oncology specialists at Amrita Hospital, Kochi, and ensure a safer, stronger tomorrow.</strong></p>

Understanding The Return of Breast Cancer 

<p dir="ltr">Turning 30 is often a time of personal, professional, and physical transformation for women. Amidst all the changes in life, it’s the time when prioritising overall well-being becomes essential, and most importantly, regular health checkups need to be conducted. A proactive approach to health in the 30s can prevent many complications later.</p><p dir="ltr">This is the time when you are young enough that most serious health conditions are still preventable, yet old enough that certain screenings become crucial. If you are wondering what should be on your list, this guide to women’s health checkups in your 30s will walk you through every essential screening and test. From lab tests to mental health assessments, this blog is your complete women’s health checkup list.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Why Are Health Checkups Crucial in the Modern Day?</h2><p dir="ltr">What once used to be a mere formality, health checkups have become highly crucial in the present-day scenario. In your 30s, your metabolism begins to slow down, hormone levels may start fluctuating, muscle tone and bone density may gradually decrease, and the wear and tear from your 20s might start showing up. Beyond these bodily changes,&nbsp; women in their 30s typically have to deal with more stress at work, at home, and from society in general. This can take a toll on their mental health.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Reproductive health also requires immense attention. While many women are planning or expanding their families, fertility naturally begins to decline, which increases the risk of certain pregnancy complications. Hormonal fluctuations can lead to irregular periods and other issues.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Furthermore, in the 30s, many lifestyle-related conditions like diabetes and hypertension, often influenced by diet, exercise, and stress levels, start emerging. This is why a female full-body checkup is necessary. Understanding these shifts is the first step towards smart, preventive healthcare.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Essential Health Screenings: Your Complete Women’s Health Check-Up List</h2><p dir="ltr">A comprehensive women’s full-body checkup includes several tests to get a complete view of your physical well-being. Many clinics and hospitals, including Amrita Hospital, Kochi, offer women’s health check-up packages that bundle all the essential tests. Here’s a detailed look at the key screenings you should prioritise after your 30s.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Core Laboratory Tests</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">To be conducted at least once a year, these blood tests give a general idea of your overall health and can flag potential health issues early on. The major blood tests to carry out include</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Complete Blood Count (CBC):</strong> A comprehensive blood test evaluates different components of your blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets. This helps to identify conditions like anaemia, infections, and even certain blood disorders or cancers.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP):</strong> A CMP typically includes tests for blood glucose, kidney function (creatinine, BUN), and liver function (ALT, AST, Bilirubin). This test provides all the crucial information about your body’s chemical balance and metabolism, assessing the health of your kidneys and liver.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lipid Profile (Cholesterol Screening):</strong> This blood test measures levels of cholesterol (total, HDL or the good cholesterol, and LDL or the bad cholesterol) and triglycerides. High levels of bad cholesterol can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. It’s recommended to conduct screening in your 30s, especially if you have risk factors like a family history of heart disease, diabetes, or obesity. Regular monitoring helps manage your cardiovascular health.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Diabetes Screening:</strong> With the increase in lifestyle diseases, screening for diabetes becomes highly necessary. Tests like Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Postprandial Glucose (PPBS), and HbA1c measure your blood glucose levels. Early detection of prediabetes or Type 2 diabetes allows for timely intervention through diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Hormonal Health Assessment</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Hormones control everything from a woman’s mood to her menstrual cycle, hence making a hormonal test highly important. Regular checks can detect imbalances early.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs):</strong> These tests, including Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), T3, and T4, check the function of your thyroid gland. Thyroid disorders are common among women and can significantly impact their metabolism, energy levels, mood, weight, and menstrual cycles. Symptoms like unexplained weight changes, fatigue, or mood swings are early signs to conduct a thyroid check.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Reproductive Hormone Panel:</strong> Depending on your health goals, particularly if you are experiencing irregular periods, fertility concerns, or symptoms like mood swings or skin changes, your doctor might recommend testing reproductive hormones such as FSH, LH, oestrogen, and progesterone. These tests can help diagnose conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or assess ovarian reserve for family planning.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Specialised Screenings</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">These screenings target specific health risks that become more prevalent in your 30s.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pap Smear and HPV Testing:</strong> These are essential for determining cervical cancer. A pap smear collects cervical cells to check for abnormalities, while an HPV test checks for high-risk strains of human papillomavirus, a leading cause of cervical cancer. For women aged 30-65, conducting a Pap smear test every three years or co-testing (Pap + HPV) every 5 years is generally recommended.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Breast Health Screening:&nbsp;</strong>While mammograms are typically recommended to start at age 40, women in their 30s should be diligent about breast health. This includes regular breast self-examination to detect any bumps, changes in skin texture, dimpling, puckering, etc. An annual clinical breast examination (CBE) is also recommended at a trusted mammography centre. If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other risk factors, your doctor might recommend starting mammograms earlier.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Bone Density Screening:</strong> Bone loss can begin as early as your 30s, especially if you have dietary deficiencies, such as calcium and Vitamin D, hormonal issues, or a sedentary lifestyle. A Bone Mineral Density (BMD) test, often a DEXA scan, assesses your bone strength and can detect early signs of osteopenia or osteoporosis. This is particularly important if you have a family history of osteoporosis or other risk factors.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Specialised Assessments for Women In Their 30s</h2><p dir="ltr">Beyond the core tests mentioned above, there are specific areas that require focused attention in the present day. These include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Reproductive Health Focus:</strong> Women’s fertility naturally declines after a certain age. So, if you are planning a pregnancy, preconception counselling and discussions about potential fertility screenings are necessary. For those not planning to conceive, ongoing discussions about contraception and sexual health, including STI screenings, are essential. A pelvic ultrasound might be recommended to visualise reproductive organs if you experience issues ike irregular periods, pelvic pain, or suspect conditions like fibroids or ovarian cysts.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Cardiovascular Risk Assessment:&nbsp;</strong>Heart disease is a leading cause of death among women today. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and cholesterol levels, combined with discussions about family history and lifestyle, helps in assessing your cardiovascular risk. Your doctor might also recommend an ECG if there are concerns about heart function or damage from high blood pressure.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Cancer Prevention Screening:</strong> In addition to breast cancer and cervical cancer assessments, conducting a thorough cancer screening, based on the family history and individual risk factors, is important. This could include skin checks for melanoma, colorectal cancer screening, etc.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Preventing Lifestyle Diseases in Women</h2><p dir="ltr">The 30s is a critical time to mitigate the risk of chronic lifestyle diseases in women.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Diabetes Prevention:&nbsp;</strong>Active prevention of Type 2 diabetes involves maintaining a healthy weight, adopting a balanced diet rich in whole foods, and engaging in regular physical activity. Understanding your risk factors, such as family history, gestational diabetes, obesity, etc., allows for targeted preventive strategies.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hypertension Management:&nbsp;</strong>Regular blood pressure monitoring is necessary. If your readings are elevated, your doctors will suggest modifications to your lifestyle, such as reducing sodium intake, increasing physical activity, and managing stress. Early management can prevent serious complications like a heart attack and stroke.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Weight Management:</strong> Metabolism starts to slow down in your 30s, making weight management a common challenge. Focusing on a nutrient-rich diet, portion control, and consistent exercise becomes crucial. Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the risk of numerous health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and even certain cancers.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Mental Health and Wellness Screening in Women</h2><p dir="ltr">Your mental and emotional well-being is as important as your physical health.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stress Assessment:</strong> The 30s can be a decade of high stress due to career demands, family responsibilities, and social pressures. Discussing your stress levels with your doctor can help identify coping mechanisms, relaxation techniques,&nbsp; or the need for professional support if stress is impacting your health.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sleep Health:&nbsp;</strong>Adequate, quality sleep is the foundation of overall health. Poor sleep can result in stress, impact mood, and even affect physical health. Make sure to discuss any sleep disturbances with your doctor to explore the potential causes and solutions.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Depression and Anxiety Screening:&nbsp;</strong>Mental health conditions like depression and anxiety are prevalent, and women can be more susceptible. Your doctor may ask about your mood, energy levels, and overall mental state. Do not hesitate to discuss any feelings of persistent sadness, anxiety, or overwhelm. Seeking support is a sign of strength and not weakness.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Interpreting Your Results: What Do They Mean?</h2><p dir="ltr">Receiving your test results can sometimes be a bit overwhelming. It’s important to understand what the numbers mean and how they relate to your health.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Understanding Normal vs. Abnormal Values:</strong> Laboratory results can be confusing, and it’s important to understand that “normal” ranges are population-based averages. Your results should be interpreted in the context of your individual health history, symptoms, and risk factors. A result that’s technically within the normal range might still be concerning if it represents a significant change from your baseline.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Risk Stratification:</strong> Abnormal results don’t always mean you have a disease. They might indicate an increased risk. Your doctor will help you understand your risk profile based on your test results, family history, lifestyle, and other factors.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Action Plans Based on Results:&nbsp;</strong>The most important part of your check-up is the action plan. This could involve lifestyle changes, including diet, exercise, and stress management, further diagnostic tests, referrals to specialists, or starting medications. Engage actively in this discussion, ask questions, and ensure you understand the next steps.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Creating Your Personal Health Timeline</h2><p dir="ltr">A personalised health timeline helps you stay on track with your screenings.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Annual Must-Do Tests</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Every year, you should have a comprehensive physical examination that includes blood pressure measurement, weight, BMI calculation, and basic laboratory tests, like CBC, lipid profile, and diabetes screening. Thyroid function tests might also be annual, especially if there are any existing concerns.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Biennial and Triennial Screenings</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Some tests don’t need to be done annually. Cholesterol screening might be every two years if your levels are normal, and well-woman exams (Pap smear/HPV testing) are also usually conducted every three years. Discuss these frequencies with your doctor based on your risk factors.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Decade-Specific Assessments</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Your 30s are about establishing strong preventive habits. In subsequent decades, screenings like mammograms (typically starting at 40) and colonoscopies (typically starting at 45) will become standard. Your early 30s might focus more on reproductive health and establishing baselines, while your late 30s might include more comprehensive cardiovascular assessments and discussions about upcoming screening needs for your 40s.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Preparing for Your Health Check-Up</h2><p dir="ltr">Getting the most out of your health checkup begins with preparation.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pre-Test Preparation:</strong> For blood tests like lipid profiles or fasting blood sugar, you’ll likely need to fast for a certain number of hours (8-12 hours) beforehand. It is also advised to avoid alcohol and caffeine before these tests.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>What to Bring:</strong> Carry with you all the previous medical records, insurance information, and a list of medications and supplements you have been taking. List out any symptoms or health concerns you’ve been experiencing, no matter how minor they are.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Questions to Ask Your Doctor:</strong> Prepare a list of questions in advance. Don’t be afraid to ask for clarifications, discuss your concerns, and actively participate in decisions about your health. Ask about your risk factors for various conditions, whether you need any additional screenings based on your family history, and what lifestyle changes might benefit your health.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Taking Action: Your Health Journey Starts Now</h2><p dir="ltr">The full body checkup for a woman in her 30s is a critical step in an ongoing health journey.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Immediate Next Steps:</strong> Follow up on any referrals, schedule recommended additional tests, and implement any immediate lifestyle changes discussed with your doctor.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Long-term Commitment:</strong> Include healthy habits in your daily routine. This includes a balanced diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and effective stress management.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Building Your Support System:</strong> Share your health goals with trusted friends or family members. Consider seeking support from nutritionists, fitness professionals, or mental health specialists if needed. Having a support system can make a significant difference in maintaining your motivation and achieving your health goals.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Future-Proof Your Health With Amrita Hospital, Kochi</h2><p dir="ltr">Your 30s are the perfect time to invest in your health. By prioritising women’s health checkups, staying informed, and making proactive lifestyle choices, you are investing in a future of vitality and well-being. Don’t wait for the symptoms to arise; rather, take charge of your health today.</p><p dir="ltr">Take proactive action for your health today with Amrita Hospital, Kochi. Schedule your comprehensive women’s health check-up today with us, and be future-ready. Ready to take the first step? Book your full-body checkup for women and future-proof your health today.</p>

Health Checkups for Women in Their 30s: How to Stay Strong Ahead

Diabetes: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

<p dir="ltr">Uterine cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers affecting women worldwide. It develops when abnormal cells in the uterus grow uncontrollably, often leading to a range of symptoms, from abnormal bleeding to pelvic pain. At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are dedicated to providing world-class care for women diagnosed with uterine cancer, combining the expertise of our Gynecologic Oncology and Radiation Oncology departments to deliver comprehensive treatment plans tailored to each patient’s needs.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Uterine Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/uterine">Uterine cancer</a> refers to cancers that develop in the uterus, a vital organ in the female reproductive system. The most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, which begins in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). Less common is uterine sarcoma, which starts in the muscle tissue of the uterus (myometrium). While uterine cancer can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in postmenopausal women.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs and Symptoms of Uterine Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Early detection plays a crucial role in effective treatment outcomes. The most common symptom of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly after menopause. Other symptoms to watch out for include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Heavier than usual periods or changes in menstrual patterns</li><li dir="ltr">Vaginal bleeding between periods</li><li dir="ltr">Prolonged periods without breaks</li><li dir="ltr">Pelvic or abdominal pain</li><li dir="ltr">Difficulty urinating or changes in bowel habits</li><li dir="ltr">Unexplained weight loss</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If any of these symptoms persist, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly for diagnosis.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes and Risk Factors</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While the exact cause of uterine cancer remains unclear, several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the condition. These include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Age</strong>: Uterine cancer is most common in women over 50, especially after menopause.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hormonal Imbalance</strong>: Estrogen exposure without progesterone, as seen in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or long-term use of unopposed estrogen therapy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Obesity</strong>: Excess fat tissue increases estrogen levels, which can promote the growth of uterine cancer cells.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Family History</strong>: A family history of uterine, ovarian, or colorectal cancer can increase the risk, particularly with genetic conditions like&nbsp;<strong>Lynch syndrome</strong>.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Diabetes</strong>: Diabetes, often linked to obesity, has been identified as a significant risk factor.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/gynecologic-oncology-division">Gynecologic Oncology</a> department is dedicated to assessing and managing these risk factors, offering preventive care through screenings, genetic counseling, and lifestyle recommendations.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">If uterine cancer is suspected, early diagnosis is essential. The following diagnostic methods are typically used to confirm the condition:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physical Examination</strong>: A pelvic exam helps detect abnormalities in the uterus or cervix.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pelvic Ultrasound</strong>: Both&nbsp;<strong>transvaginal</strong> and&nbsp;<strong>abdominal ultrasounds</strong> are used to create images of the uterus and detect abnormalities.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Endometrial Biopsy</strong>: A biopsy involves removing tissue from the lining of the uterus to test for cancerous cells.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hysteroscopy</strong>: A procedure where a thin camera is inserted into the uterus to visualize the area directly.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>CT and MRI Scans</strong>: Imaging tests are performed to check if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment for Uterine Cancer at Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our Gynecologic Oncology and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/radiation-oncology">Radiation Oncology</a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>departments offer treatments for uterine cancer. The treatment plan is personalized for each patient based on factors such as cancer stage, overall health, and fertility considerations.</p><p dir="ltr">We utilize advanced diagnostic tools and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Surgical Treatment (Hysterectomy)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Surgery is the most common treatment for uterine cancer. A hysterectomy involves the removal of the uterus and may also include removal of the cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. If the cancer has spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes may also be removed.</p><p dir="ltr">Depending on the extent of the cancer, the procedure may be performed via traditional surgery (laparotomy) or minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic surgery or robotic surgery. Our Gynecologic Oncology department is equipped with the latest surgical technologies, including robotic-assisted surgery, which offers benefits such as shorter recovery times, reduced scarring, and improved precision.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Radiation Therapy (Radiotherapy)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It is often used after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer returning. We offer both external beam radiation and brachytherapy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>External Beam Radiation</strong>: This method uses a machine to direct radiation at the tumor from outside the body.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Brachytherapy</strong>: This is an internal radiation treatment where radioactive material is placed inside the uterus to target the cancer cells directly.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">In certain cases, palliative radiation may also be used to manage symptoms and improve the patient’s quality of life.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Chemotherapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Chemotherapy is often used for advanced uterine cancer or if the cancer has spread to other areas. It uses drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop their growth. Chemotherapy is typically administered intravenously and may be combined with other therapies for better outcomes.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Hormone Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">For hormone receptor-positive uterine cancer, hormone therapy may be used to block or reduce the production of estrogen, which can fuel cancer growth.&nbsp;<strong>Progesterone</strong> is the most commonly used hormone therapy, and it can help reduce the size of the tumor and prevent further growth.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Immunotherapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. There are immunotherapy treatments, including&nbsp;<strong>Pembrolizumab</strong>, which can be combined with targeted therapy to treat advanced uterine cancer.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Targeted Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Targeted therapy involves the use of medications that target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth. For patients with advanced uterine cancer,&nbsp;<strong>Lenvatinib</strong> is a targeted therapy drug that can be used in combination with immunotherapy to improve treatment outcomes.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Multidisciplinary Tumor Board and Personalized Care</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">We take a multidisciplinary approach to uterine cancer treatment. Each patient’s case is discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board, which includes a team of experts from various specialties, such as:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Gynecologic Oncologists</strong>: Specializing in cancers of the female reproductive organs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medical Oncologists</strong>: Experts in chemotherapy and other drug-based treatments.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Radiation Oncologists</strong>: Experts in radiation therapy for targeted cancer treatment.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pathologists</strong>: Specialists in analyzing tissue samples to provide accurate diagnoses.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic Counselors</strong>: Offering genetic testing and counseling for family risk assessments.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">This collaborative approach ensures that every patient receives the most effective and comprehensive treatment available.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Palliative Care and Supportive Services</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">For patients with advanced uterine cancer, palliative care is an important aspect of the treatment plan. Our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/cancer-centre/pain-and-palliative-medicine">Pain and Palliative Care</a> Team at Amrita Hospital provides support to manage pain, alleviate symptoms, and improve the overall quality of life. This team works closely with patients and families to provide compassionate care tailored to their needs.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic Counseling and Preventive Oncology</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Understanding your genetic risks can play a crucial role in early detection and prevention of uterine cancer. Genetic counseling at Amrita Hospital allows patients to assess their risk of developing uterine cancer through modern genetic tests, including BRCA mutations. Women with genetic predispositions to cancer can take preventive steps, such as early screenings or lifestyle changes, to reduce their cancer risk.</p><p dir="ltr">Uterine cancer is a serious condition, but early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. If you experience symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or changes in menstrual cycles, it’s important to consult with a gynecologist promptly.</p><p>For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact&nbsp;at - 0484-6683030, 0484-2853030.</p>

Uterine Cancer: Everything You Need to Know

<p dir="ltr">As schools reopen and COVID-19 cases begin to rise once again, parents are understandably concerned about how to keep their children safe. From common viral infections (in all probability, Influenza) to more severe illnesses such as COVID-19, Leptospirosis (Rat fever) , school-going children are exposed to a variety of pathogens every day.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">While complete prevention isn’t possible, timely precautions and awareness can make a significant difference.</p><h2><strong>Why School Increases the Risk of Infection</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Schools are social hubs where children are in close contact with each other for extended hours. This makes them ideal environments for the spread of airborne and contact-based illnesses.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Surfaces like desks, doorknobs, and shared stationery can harbor viruses and bacteria, while poor ventilation can increase the risk of airborne respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19.</p><p dir="ltr">Common illnesses during the school year include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">COVID-19 and influenza</li><li dir="ltr">Stomach viruses (like rotavirus or norovirus)</li><li dir="ltr">Upper respiratory tract infections</li><li dir="ltr">Conjunctivitis (pink eye)</li><li dir="ltr">Hand-foot-mouth disease</li><li dir="ltr">Strep throat(Tonsillitis)</li><li dir="ltr">Head lice (though not illness-related) are still a contagious concern.</li></ul><h2><strong>When Should You Keep Your Child Home?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The decision to keep a child home isn’t always clear-cut. While it's tempting to send them to school for minor symptoms, certain signs warrant caution.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">1. Fever</p><ul><li dir="ltr">A fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher is a sign of infection.</li><li dir="ltr">Children should remain at home until they have been fever-free for at least 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medications like paracetamol&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">2. Vomiting and Diarrhea</p><ul><li dir="ltr">These symptoms are often caused by viral gastroenteritis and can spread quickly.</li><li dir="ltr">Wait at least 24–48 hours after the last episode before sending your child back to school, and encourage them to take WHO ORS or home available, tolerable salty fluids&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">3. Persistent Cough or Breathing Difficulty</p><p dir="ltr">A mild cold may not be cause for alarm, but a constant or severe cough, wheezing, or shortness of breath could indicate something more serious, like RSV, flu, or COVID-19.</p><p dir="ltr">4. Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)</p><p dir="ltr">If your child has red, itchy eyes with yellow/green discharge, keep them home and consult a pediatrician.</p><p dir="ltr">5. Fatigue and General Unwellness</p><p dir="ltr">If your child seems unusually tired, irritable, or unable to focus, it may be best to keep them home and monitor their symptoms.</p><h2><strong>COVID-19 in Children</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">COVID-19 continues to be a significant concern. While many children experience only mild symptoms, others, particularly those with underlying conditions like asthma or diabetes, are at risk of complications. Symptoms to watch for include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Fever</li><li dir="ltr">Cough</li><li dir="ltr">Runny nose</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Sore throat</li><li dir="ltr">Diarrhea or vomiting</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of taste or smell (less common in young children)</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If your child tests positive:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Keep them isolated at home for at least 3 days.</li><li dir="ltr">Ensure they are fever-free for 24 hours without medication before considering return to school.</li><li dir="ltr">Consult your pediatrician to determine whether further evaluation is needed.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Amrita’s Infectious Diseases specialists recommend COVID-19 vaccination for all eligible children, along with boosters as per government guidelines. Our paediatric team is available for consultations on vaccination schedules and safety.</p><h2><strong>Preventive Measures Parents Can Take</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">1. Reinforce Hand Hygiene</p><p dir="ltr">Teach your child to:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.</li><li dir="ltr">Use hand sanitizer when washing isn't possible.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid touching their face, especially the eyes, nose, and mouth.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">2. Masking and Respiratory Etiquette</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Encourage your child to wear a well-fitting mask in crowded indoor spaces.</li><li dir="ltr">Teach them to cough or sneeze into their elbow or a tissue.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">3. Nutritious Diet and Hydration</p><p dir="ltr">A balanced diet strengthens immunity. Include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Fresh fruits and vegetables</li><li dir="ltr">Whole grains</li><li dir="ltr">Yogurt and other probiotics</li><li dir="ltr">Sufficient water intake</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid excess sugar and processed foods, which can lower immunity.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">4. Adequate Sleep and Stress Management</p><p dir="ltr">Sleep is crucial for immune function. Ensure your child gets:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">9–11 hours of sleep (for children aged 6–13)</li><li dir="ltr">Regular bedtime routines</li><li dir="ltr">Opportunities for outdoor play and emotional expression</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><strong>Is It Just a Cold? Or Something More?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Colds are common and typically mild. However, if your child develops a high fever, severe headache, earache, or a hacking cough, it could be a sign of a more serious infection.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">As kids head back to school, it’s important to know when they should stay home due to illness. For example, a mild cough without a fever is usually just a cold and doesn’t require staying home. But if your child has a fever, vomiting, pink eye, or a rash with fever, it’s best to keep them home and consult a doctor. Seasonal allergies, like a runny nose or itchy throat, are okay if the symptoms are mild. Knowing these signs helps keep everyone safe and healthy at school.</p><p dir="ltr">If in doubt, consult your paediatrician. Remember to encourage them to read the print version rather than the screen version while taking a rest at home</p><h2><strong>When to Visit Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">You should consult or visit our <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/speciality-departments/general-paediatrics">Pediatrics department </a>if&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Persistent fever for more than 3 days</li><li dir="ltr">Breathing difficulty</li><li dir="ltr">A severe or worsening cough</li><li dir="ltr">Dehydration signs (e.g., dry mouth, low urine output)</li><li dir="ltr">Rash with fever</li><li dir="ltr">Symptoms of COVID-19 or have tested positive</li><li dir="ltr">Complications from previous illnesses</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Our compassionate team ensures that your child receives safe, accurate, and timely care, minimizing school absences while maximizing recovery.</p>

Back to School, Not Back to Sickness: How Parents Can Keep Their Children Healthy

<p>The facts will stun you:</p><ul><li>One of the longest surgeries conducted in the region—a 3-day-long surgery</li><li>One of the biggest teams assembled (18 surgeons among others)</li><li>Reconstruction of the jaw with growth potential.</li></ul><p>Here, Dr. Moni Abraham Kuriakose shares with us how the team had to fight against severe challenges to save this child suffering from a tumor of the head and neck region.</p><p>Read on:</p><p>I love children. However, I hate to see them as patients. I took a flight from India to New York to spend time with my old friend, who was undergoing surgery at New York University Medical Center, where we both used to work&nbsp;over two decades ago. During this long flight, an incident that happened nearly 20 years ago flashed through my mind.</p><p>It was one of the patients we treated at the newly constituted Head and Neck Institute at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Kochi. During the formative years of establishing the Center, I used to take this long flight, commuting between New York and Kochi.</p><p>It all started with a chance meeting with Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, Chancellor of Amrita University (Amma), during one of her discourses at Columbia University. I was serving Bellevue Hospital, New York, as Chief of Head and Neck Surgery and my colleague, Richard Cohan, was the radiation oncologist of the service.</p><p>Together, we both revived once an illustrious department served by legends like Hayes Martin, who developed radical neck dissection—a fundamental surgical procedure for head and neck cancer surgery over a century ago.</p><p>In the summer of 2002, during the discourse at Columbia University, Amma announced that she was planning to start a cancer center in Kochi at the newly established Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS) and solicited volunteers. Richard nudged me to explore. Amma introduced us to Ron Gottsagan, the then Administrative Director and Prem Nair, the Medical Director of AIMS.</p><h3><strong>The&nbsp;One-of-its-Kind&nbsp;Unit&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>We pitched the idea of starting a unit, the like of which does not exist anywhere in the world—with complementary medical expertise to manage complex problems of the head and neck region—we called it the "Head and Neck Institute".</p><p>We wanted to shift the focus of medical care from the “medical-speciality” approach to the “patient-first approach”. The Prem Nair-Ron Gottsegen duo, which managed the Amrita Institute, was willing to experiment.</p><p>We visualized this institute to be managed by different medical specialists like ENT, Plastic, Maxillofacial (relating to the mouth, jaw, face, and neck), surgical oncology (medical specialty that uses surgery to diagnose, treat, and manage cancer) and allied fields as radiation, medical oncology and palliative care (specialized medical care focused on improving the quality of life for individuals with serious illnesses, including cancer, by managing symptoms and side effects of the illness, and its treatments. It aims to relieve suffering by addressing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of care.</p><p>Suddenly, everything appeared to be falling in place as if this idea had a life of its own. Richard resigned from NYU and joined AIMS. Despite being the “doubting Thomas”, I took a year's leave from NYU, spending alternate months between Kochi and New York (I had to wind down my research lab).</p><h3><strong>The Power of&nbsp;Collaboration&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The concept of a "Head and Neck Institute" was to create a center that could nurture creativity, push the boundaries of what medicine could offer, create an ecosystem where all of us could test the boundaries of our capabilities, but enjoy the work. As the saying goes, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". Collectively, we strive to achieve more than what any of the members can achieve individually.</p><p>We also started a training program to create a cadre of surgeons who would expand and sustain the ideals. We wanted to create a team from diverse medical specialities aligned to solve complex clinical problems of the head and neck region, agnostic of the medical disciplines they are trained.</p><p>Then, it was a manhunt to identify the right people—Subramanya Iyer, a plastic surgeon, whom I met as a fellow trainee in St. Lawrence Hospital, Chepstow, the Welsh Center for Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, joined the team. Sherry Peter, a craniofacial surgeon trained in medicine and then dentistry, was already working at AIMS and was brought to the team.</p><p>Jerry Paul, a man with a Buddha demeanour, for whom nothing fazes, was assigned as the anaesthetist, and Valsamma and Lilly as nurses in charge of OT and ICU; Kavitha as the administrative assistant of the service.</p><p>We were ably supported by Dilip Panikar, a very talented neurosurgeon, and Manoj, a daring cardiovascular surgeon with always a smile on his face, even when blood hits the ceiling. Apart from Richard Cohan and TK Padmanabhan, leading radiation oncology, there was Pavithran, a very knowledgeable medical oncologist, Vijayakumar in surgical oncology and the legendary Rajagopal for pain and palliation.</p><p>As the wise person of the cancer service, he ensured that patients' interests are always kept at the heart of all we do. Andrew Fishman, a skull-base surgeon who worked with us in Bellevue Hospital and NYU, later joined the group.</p><p>The first trainee, Arun, an ENT surgeon serving as a coordinator of a clinical trial, was recruited from the corridors of AIMS, and then came Vikram, another ENT surgeon who was working in a primary health center near Nagpur.</p><p>As a new service with no patronage from any traditional medical speciality, we were scrounging for patients when a seven-year-old (same age as my daughter then) came to our new unit.She was earlier consulted by a world renownedworld-renowned craniofacial surgeon from the United States and deemed to have an inoperable tumor.</p><p>The child was suffering from a rare condition called fibromatosis. It is a progressive disorder where abnormal collagen fibers slowly invade normal structures, choke them, and make them dysfunctional. It is a relentless disorder with no effective treatment other than surgery.</p><p>During the young age, the child had already undergone two surgeries by the top two surgeons in Mumbai and consulted&nbsp;US surgeon as a last resort.</p><p>The child’s condition, then, was that the lesion had recurred in the right jaw and had gone inside the brain. More significantly, it had invaded the carotid artery supplying the brain.</p><p>Removing the artery was found to be fatal, hence the tumor inoperable. The disease and the scarring had distorted the growing face.</p><p>I quickly reviewed the previous records as well as studied the heaps of scans the child had undergone. Compared to my seven-year-old daughter, naughty, fidgety and always up to something mischievous, this child was drawn to herself, not even making eye contact.</p><p>As top doctors in the country and abroad expressed helplessness. Even for me, one look at the massive tumor of the jaw invading the brain, the System 1 reflexive thinking was activated, and I instantly closed the case.</p><p>However, at the Head and Neck Institute, we had laid down certain rules—a collective team decision would be followed, not an individual decision. We put up the case in the multidisciplinary tumor board.</p><p>As the brain was involved, we requested Dilip Panikar, Chief of Neurosurgery, to attend. He looked at the scans, as a reflex, declared the tumor inoperable. Then I noticed one thing—his eyes were focused on the tumor in the neck rather than in the brain, where he was supposed to focus.</p><p>I covered the neck part of the tumor in the scan and repeated the question—is it operable? He paused; the System 2 analytical thinking started functioning. “Yes, it is feasible”, he said.</p><p>I focused my attention only in the face and neck and said it was feasible to operate. Then I saw that the whole mood of the tumor board brightened. After all, everyone in the world wants to be successful.</p><h3><strong>Tumor removal and reconstruction&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>Removing the tumor is one thing, but reconstruction of the face and jaw is another major consideration, especially in a seven-year-old child with a growing face.</p><p>Dr Iyer, the plastic surgeon, suggested bone from the leg, however, it was less likely to grow. Dr Sherry Peter, who reconstructs jaws in children with impaired growth potential of the jaw, suggested the transfer of the growth centre from the rib. However, in tumor surgery, where all soft tissues along with blood flow are removed, it is unlikely to survive. In&nbsp;tumor surgery, not only the&nbsp;tumor but also the surrounding normal tissue is removed to ensure that the&nbsp;tumor is completely excised.</p><p>In cases of trauma, where one needs to repair only the bone, with the soft tissues being intact, the bone graft heals well. For healing, bone grafts take blood supply from adjacent normal tissues. However, in cancer surgery, a bone graft (bone without its blood supply) does not work.</p><p>Dr Iyer suggested that he could harvest the rib along with the growth center as well as the surrounding muscles and blood vessels, and reconstruct by microvascular surgery.</p><p>One of the trainees, who was up to date with the literature, asked whether it had been done anywhere in the world, in the past.</p><p>Dr Iyer, confident in his capabilities, said with his characteristic smile, “Well, this may be the first case in the world, but it is feasible.”</p><p>Then attention turned to Jerry Paul, our anesthesiologist, who needed to keep the child under anaesthesia for 2-3 days, the anticipated duration of the operation. Jerry, usually very conservative but extremely supportive, said, “Don’t worry about that part, that’s my responsibility”.</p><p>So, the four “feasible” combined and became the solution to a seemingly impossible problem. With a well-thought-out plan, the team started the operation on a Wednesday early morning.</p><p><strong>On Day 1:&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Dr Panikar had to free up the carotid artery in the brain from the tumor. The surgery could proceed only if this critical step could be completed. I gave exposure to the artery from the neck, and Dr Panikar patiently freed the artery.</p><p><strong>On Day 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p><p>With the help of Dr Panikar and the neurosurgery team, the head and neck group removed the tumor from the skull base, neck and jaw, well as the affected brain lining.</p><p><strong>On Day 3:&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Dr Iyer and team harvested and reconstructed the jaw with the growth center from the ribs, as well as rebuilt the missing skull through microvascular surgery.</p><p>The blood vessels in a 7-year-old child are less than 1-2 mm in size. To reconnect, the surgeons must use very tiny sutures that can be seen only with magnification of up to 20 times under a microscope.</p><h3><strong>New challenges and indomitable courage&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The child was shifted to the ICU. Dr Iyer’s team may have slept for a few hours when the call came from the ICU that the millimetre-sized blood vessels they had connected to the neck vessels may have been blocked.</p><p>In a skull-base surgery, a dead flap— a flap that failed to survive after being transferred from one part of the body to another, meaning the tissue did not receive adequate blood supply—is equal to a dead patient.</p><p>The brain floats in a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid. It is contained within a sheet called the dura mater. This also protects against infection from getting inside the brain.</p><p>In this child, we had to remove this protective covering and repair it with tissue harvested from elsewhere in the body. This repair will hold only when the supporting tissue used for reconstruction is viable. When the blood flow to the reconstructed tissue is lost, it affects the viability.</p><p>If the tissue is not viable, the repair of the dura mater will not hold, and the infection will get inside the brain, which is life-threatening.</p><p>The team quickly fixed the problem. Throughout the procedure, the support staff kept the family informed of the child’s progress.</p><p>The recovery About 10 days after admission, the child walked out of the hospital free of tumor, and the distorted jaw was reconstructed with a normal-looking face. As the referring surgeon advised, our team “kept an eye” on the child’s progress. We observed a miracle and the transformation of minds slowly unfolding in front of our eyes.</p><p>Within one month, the child could get back to school. Once healed, there were no major functional limitations. After the surgery rebuilt the missing skull, she started eating within a week; as well as talking, five days after surgery.</p><h3>Miracles do happen</h3><p>The jaw that Dr Iyer reconstructed grew like a normal jaw, creating a symmetrical face. This was the world’s first vascularized growth centre transfer anywhere in the world. (Vascularized means transferring a tissue from one part of the body with its blood supply and then reconnecting this blood vessel to the vessels in the neck.)</p><h3><strong>Grit and more grit&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>The child had some difficulty raising her arms, which required physiotherapy. The scar on the neck, as she grew, became wider and required cosmetic surgery.</p><p>The reconstructed jaw did not have teeth. This was later inserted by the AIMS Head and Neck team.</p><h3><strong>The longest surgery at Amrita&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>This child may be the first patient cured of fibromatosis of the skull base. There were several other firsts in that surgery—it was the longest surgery at Amrita Hospital.</p><h3><strong>Several firsts in the surgery&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li>It was the surgery where the largest number of medical team was involved—about 18 surgeons and 8 anaesthesiologists, 20+ nurses, several technicians and many junior doctors and support staff.</li></ul><p>All the team members came back to their routine work the next day itself—no break. It was managed as any other surgery, and major , there was no public announcement in the media.</p><p>The “Head and Neck Institute” continues to excel..</p><p>The “Head and Neck and Plastic Surgery Institute of Amrita continues to excel to greater heights. Dr Iyer’s team has the record of performing the largest number of hand transplants in the world.</p><h3><strong>Courage is contagious: Spread it</strong></h3><p>We could also see transformation in the people around us. Dr Jatin Shah, former chief of the Head and Neck service of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, once commented that the Amrita Hospital Head and Neck training program is one of the best in the world.</p><p>The AIMS trainees now dispersed throughout the country, from Kashmir to Kochi, Gujarat to West Bengal, are transforming the Head and Neck oncology of the country.</p><p>Several surgeons from around the globe were trained at Amrita. Many are taking leadership positions, such as the President-elect of the International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.</p><p>I keep in touch with patients and their families. A few years back, I caught up with the child and her family in Mumbai. Once a shy introvert child, has now grown into a confident young adult. The occasion was to celebrate her admission to a university in Boston. My daughter, too, got admission to Northwestern University, Chicago.</p><p>We are happy that the child not only got cured of an incurable tumor, but is also excelling in life. When I met Richard in New York, I narrated the story of the child.</p><p>All this happened because one person dared to say "Yes" and to resign from a comfortable position at New York University, relocate his family, including the pet dog, to a foreign land, to plant a seed for a new idea.</p><h3><strong>System 2 Analytical Thinking at work&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>Renowned psychologist and Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman, in his famous book, "Thinking, Fast and Slow", talks of the brain being divided into two agents, called System 1 and System 2, which respectively produce fast and slow thinking. These can also be thought of as intuitive and deliberate thought.</p><h3><strong>System1 Reflexive Thinking</strong></h3><p>Often means being quick to act. It is an immediate reaction, though important to overcome dangers, when overwhelmed by challenges, it may freeze thinking.</p><h3><strong>System 2 Analytical Thinking&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h3><p>On the other hand, the solution to complex problems needs analytical thinking, coupled with systematic execution. This surgery and the collaboration it brought about highlight the net results of System 2 Analytical Thinking when working together as a team.</p><p>Dr Moni Abraham says, “We strive to incorporate the incremental-to-exponential thinking approach of our advisor, Vivek Wadhwa. Here, the concept of ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’ is apt.”</p><h3><strong>About</strong></h3><p>Dr. Moni Abraham Kuriakose, formerly Professor and Chairman of the Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Kochi, is currently serving as the Medical Director and CEO of Kerala Operations at Karkinos Healthcare, Kochi.</p><p>He plans to establish the “Center for Complex Cancer” in Kochi, where no cancer would be regarded as incurable for&nbsp;lack of effort.</p><p>If there are no solutions on the globe, we shall strive to create one, keeping the “patient-first approach”. He believes it is not the infrastructure or personnel that matter, it is the approach to solve seemingly impossible problems—collectively and systematically.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Dr. Moni Abraham Kuriakose Remembers How Nearly 40-member At Amrita Hospital Performed A 3-day-long Surgery To Save A 7-year-old Girl

<p dir="ltr">Birthing a child into the world should be a moment of joy and hope, not risk and uncertainty. Yet, for millions of women, especially in low-income and developing regions, childbirth remains a life-threatening experience. The global statistics reveal that preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth remain a significant cause of newborn deaths and maternal mortality, especially in developing nations. This stark disparity underscores the urgent need to prioritise and improve access to quality healthcare for expectant mothers and their babies worldwide.</p><p dir="ltr">This blog explores the critical factors that contribute to safe births, the leading causes of maternal and neonatal deaths, and practical measures that can dramatically improve outcomes for mothers and babies worldwide.</p><h2><strong>Importance of Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Care</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Safe births are not just about home births, but rather the overall environment and care surrounding the birth process. While home births may seem like a more natural option, the leading causes of newborn deaths and maternal mortality are often preventable with proper care and medical facilities.</p><p dir="ltr">Despite significant progress made by developed countries in reducing maternal and child mortality rates, the situation remains a pressing challenge in developing countries. Africa and South Asia account for 86% of maternal deaths globally, highlighting the gap in healthcare access between these regions and high-income countries. A woman in a low-income country is 50 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related complications than her counterpart in a high-income country. Only 60% of women in these regions receive adequate prenatal care, and this often results in devastating consequences for both mother and child.</p><h2><strong>Leading Causes of Maternal and Neonatal Deaths</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The primary causes of neonatal deaths include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Premature birth</li><li dir="ltr">Birth complications</li><li dir="ltr">Infections</li><li dir="ltr">Genetic defects</li></ul><p dir="ltr">More than half of these deaths can be attributed to a lack of basic medical facilities and trained healthcare professionals. Without proper postnatal care, the risk of complications and infant mortality rises significantly. For mothers, malnutrition is another significant factor, leading to low birth weight and premature births, which in turn increases the risk of neonatal complications.</p><h2><strong>What Can Be Done?</strong></h2><h3><strong>Regular Check-ups and Prenatal Care</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Mothers-to-be should visit their doctors regularly, at least once a month, to monitor both maternal and fetal health. Regular check-ups help in early detection of complications, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or fetal distress, which can be managed effectively with timely interventions.</p><h3><strong>Proper Nutrition</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Educating mothers about proper nutrition is vital. Eating the right amount of leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, and grains ensures that both the mother and the baby get essential nutrients. A well-balanced diet improves the chances of a healthier pregnancy and birth outcome.</p><h3><strong>Awareness of Danger Signs</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Mothers should be informed about the common danger signs during pregnancy, including excessive swelling, severe headaches, or bleeding, and should seek medical attention immediately if any of these occur. Understanding physical and mental changes during pregnancy, and knowing what to expect each month, can help ensure that potential problems are addressed quickly.</p><h3><strong>Births in Hospitals</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Hospital births under expert supervision are much safer. Obstetricians, nurses, and medical equipment in hospitals can provide immediate care in case of any complications. Cesarean sections should not be performed unnecessarily due to fear of pain. Both epidural anesthesia and non-invasive pain relief methods are available to manage discomfort during labor, ensuring safe delivery while minimizing risks to both mother and child.</p><h3><strong>Improve Personal Hygiene</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Infections are a leading cause of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. By maintaining proper personal hygiene, cleanliness, and sterile environments, we can significantly reduce the risk of infection.</p><h3><strong>Postpartum Care and Support</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Postnatal care is just as important as prenatal care. Mothers and newborns should receive at least three postnatal check-ups within the first six weeks after birth to monitor their health and well-being. Postpartum hemorrhage, infections, and mental health issues such as postpartum depression should be carefully addressed.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Breastfeeding</strong> plays a crucial role in the health of the newborn. It should be exclusively practiced for the first six months, with complementary nutritious foods introduced afterward. Breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and antibodies to the baby and supports emotional bonding. It's vital to avoid foods containing artificial colors or sweeteners that may harm both mother and baby.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Experience a Safe Birthing at Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Safe births are a fundamental right and not a privilege. From prenatal check-ups and nutrition to hospital deliveries and postpartum support, each step plays a crucial role in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Strengthening healthcare systems, spreading awareness, and ensuring that every woman receives timely and adequate care is a moral imperative, more than just a medical need.</p><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital, Kochi, stands by every mother, offering expert-led prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care to meet your needs. Book your consultation today and take the first step toward a safe, supported, and healthy birth experience.</p>

Why Is Safe Birthing Crucial for the Flourishing Future of Mother and the Newborn?

<p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is a rare but serious condition in which abnormal proteins, called amyloid, build up in organs and tissues, affecting their ability to function. Since the symptoms can mimic other common diseases, amyloidosis is frequently misdiagnosed, leading to delays in treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At the Amrita Amyloid Center, we are dedicated to advancing awareness, diagnosis, and treatment of amyloidosis. This blog will help you understand what amyloidosis is, how it affects the body, and why early diagnosis is critical.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Amyloidosis?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis occurs when misfolded proteins form deposits (amyloid) in different organs, disrupting their normal function. This disease can affect one or multiple organs, including the heart, kidneys, nerves, liver, and digestive system. If left untreated, amyloidosis can cause organ failure and life-threatening complications.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Types of Amyloidosis&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">There are several types of amyloidosis, each with different causes and treatment approaches:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AL Amyloidosis (Light Chain Amyloidosis) – Caused by abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow producing faulty proteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;ATTR Amyloidosis (Transthyretin Amyloidosis) – Due to a protein called transthyretin (TTR) misfolding. This can be hereditary (mutant ATTR) or related to aging (wild-type ATTR).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">AA Amyloidosis – Linked to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Localized Amyloidosis – Affects a single organ, like the bladder or lungs.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Each type of amyloidosis requires different treatments, so accurate diagnosis is essential.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Recognizing the Symptoms: Early Warning Signs&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is often called a "silent disease" because its symptoms develop slowly and resemble those of other conditions. Here are some warning signs to look out for:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">a. Unexplained fatigue and weight loss&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">b. Swelling in the legs (edema)&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">c.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shortness of breath with mild activity&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">d.&nbsp;&nbsp;Foamy urine (a sign of kidney involvement)&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">e.&nbsp;&nbsp;Numbness, tingling, or burning pain in the hands and feet&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">f.&nbsp;&nbsp;Easy bruising or purple spots around the eyes&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">g.&nbsp;&nbsp;Irregular heartbeats or dizziness&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If these symptoms persist or worsen, it’s important to get tested for amyloidosis, especially if you have heart, kidney, or nerve problems that don't have a clear cause.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why is Amyloidosis Often Misdiagnosed?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Since amyloidosis symptoms can mimic heart failure, kidney disease, neuropathy, or liver problems, it is frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed. Many patients go years without a correct diagnosis, leading to delays in treatment. Raising awareness among both patients and doctors can help in detecting this condition earlier.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How is Amyloidosis Diagnosed?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Doctors use a combination of blood tests, imaging, and biopsies to confirm amyloidosis. Key diagnostic steps include:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Blood and urine tests – To check for abnormal proteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Heart imaging (Echocardiogram, Cardiac MRI) – To detect amyloid in the heart.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Biopsy (fat pad, kidney, or heart tissue) – To confirm amyloid deposits.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Genetic testing – To check for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Early diagnosis can make a huge difference in treatment outcomes!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Amyloidosis and the Heart&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">One of the most dangerous forms of amyloidosis affects the heart, leading to cardiac amyloidosis. In this condition, amyloid protein makes the heart walls thick and stiff, reducing the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. Symptoms of cardiac amyloidosis include:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Shortness of breath&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Swelling in the legs and abdomen&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Fainting or dizziness&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Cardiac amyloidosis is often mistaken for regular heart failure, but it requires different treatment strategies. If you have heart failure that is not improving with standard treatment, consider getting tested for amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment Options: Can Amyloidosis Be Treated?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Yes! While amyloidosis cannot be completely cured, modern treatments can slow its progression and improve quality of life. Treatment depends on the type of amyloidosis:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AL Amyloidosis → Treated with chemotherapy and targeted drugs to stop the faulty proteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;ATTR Amyloidosis → Managed with Tafamidis (a stabilizer) or gene-silencing therapies (Patisiran, Vutrisiran, Inotersen).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AA Amyloidosis → Treated by controlling the underlying inflammatory disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">For some patients, organ transplants (heart or kidney) may be considered in advanced cases.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>New Breakthroughs in Amyloidosis Research&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The field of amyloidosis treatment is advancing rapidly! Some of the latest breakthroughs include:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Monoclonal antibody therapies – These drugs help remove amyloid deposits from organs.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Gene-silencing drugs – New treatments can block the production of faulty proteins in ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;AI-based heart scans and ECG analysis – Artificial intelligence is helping doctors detect cardiac amyloidosis earlier.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">These advances offer hope to patients, making early detection and specialized care more important than ever.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who is at Risk?&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Although amyloidosis is rare, certain groups are at higher risk:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;People over 60, especially for ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Individuals with hematological disorders – plasma cell disorders</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Patients with unexplained heart failure that doesn’t respond to standard treatments.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">People with a family history of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Individuals with chronic inflammation (for AA amyloidosis).&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ol><p dir="ltr">Since many cases go undiagnosed, awareness and early testing are key to improving outcomes!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Final Thoughts: Don’t Ignore the Symptoms!&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is a serious but manageable disease when caught early. If you or a loved one have unexplained heart, kidney, or nerve problems, ask your doctor about amyloidosis. With new treatments available, early diagnosis can be life-changing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At the Amrita Amyloid Center, we are dedicated to providing expert care, cutting-edge diagnostics, and advanced treatments for amyloidosis patients. If you have concerns, don’t wait—reach out to a specialist today!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>FAQ</strong></h2><p>1. What should I do if I suspect I have amyloidosis?&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If you have symptoms like persistent fatigue, swelling, nerve pain, or heart failure, see a doctor familiar with amyloidosis. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.</p><p dir="ltr">2. Is amyloidosis hereditary?&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Some types, like hereditary ATTR amyloidosis, run in families. If you have a family history of amyloidosis, talk to your doctor about genetic testing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">3. How common is amyloidosis?&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Amyloidosis is rare, but experts believe it may be underdiagnosed. Certain groups are at higher risk:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">People over 60 (for ATTR amyloidosis)&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Patients with unexplained heart failure&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Those with chronic inflammation or blood disorders&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">4. What are the treatment options for amyloidosis?&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">AL Amyloidosis → Treated with chemotherapy and targeted drugs to stop the faulty proteins.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">ATTR Amyloidosis → Treated with medications that stabilize the transthyretin protein (Tafamidis) or gene-silencing drugs (Patisiran, Vutrisiran, Inotersen).&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">AA Amyloidosis → Treated by controlling the underlying inflammatory disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">5. What are the latest advancements in amyloidosis treatment?&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Monoclonal antibodies (CAEL-101, PRX004) to clear amyloid deposits.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Next-generation gene therapies to block amyloid formation.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">AI-based heart scans and ECG analysis for early detection.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Amyloidosis: A Rare but Serious Disease 

<p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders worldwide, affecting people of all ages. Despite its prevalence, epilepsy remains misunderstood and sometimes feared due to a lack of awareness about what it really is. This blog aims to provide a clear understanding of epilepsy, from its definition and symptoms to its treatment options and prevention strategies.</p><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is not a single condition but a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. These seizures happen when normal brain activity is disrupted by sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances. While epilepsy can certainly present challenges, many people with this condition lead full, active lives with proper treatment and management.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Epilepsy?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder that causes repeated seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can affect a person’s movement, behaviour, emotions, and even consciousness.</p><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is typically diagnosed when a person has had at least two unprovoked seizures (seizures that are not triggered by identifiable events such as low blood sugar, alcohol withdrawal, or high fever).</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How Epilepsy Affects Daily Life and Overall Health</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy can significantly impact a person's life. Seizures can occur unexpectedly, leading to injuries, social stigma, and limitations in activities like driving or swimming. The unpredictability of seizures can also cause anxiety and stress. Furthermore, some individuals with epilepsy may experience cognitive difficulties, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances, affecting their overall well-being.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What are the Types of Epilepsies and Their Seizure Symptoms?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsies are of different types, each with its own set of symptoms. Here are some of the most common types:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Focal Seizures:</strong> These begin in one specific part of the brain and may cause unusual sensations or movements in one part of the body. The most common focal seizures are:<ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Temporal Lobe Seizures:</strong> These begin in the temporal lobes of the brain. These are often accompanied by an aura and can cause strange sensations, déjà vu, or changes in emotions.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Frontal Lobe Seizures:</strong> These begin in the front of the brain, which controls the movements. This type of epilepsy often occurs during sleep, causing jerky movements or shouting.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Occipital Lobe Seizures:</strong> These seizures begin in the occipital lobe area of the brain, which is related to vision. It may lead to visual disturbances like flashing lights, blind spots, and hallucinations.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Generalised Seizures:&nbsp;</strong>Generalised seizures involve both sides of the brain and can cause loss of consciousness and muscle stiffness or jerking movements.<ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Absence Seizures:</strong> These are typically seen in children. The common symptoms are brief, sudden lapses in awareness. These seizures may occur in clusters.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tonic Seizures:</strong> These seizures can cause stiffness of muscles and may affect consciousness.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Atonic Seizures:</strong> Also known as drop seizures, they can cause a loss of muscle control, resulting in falls or head drops.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Clonic Seizures:</strong> These seizures are associated with repeated or rhythmic jerking muscle movements.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Myoclonic Seizures:</strong> These usually appear with sudden, brief jerks or twitches in muscles.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tonic-Clonic Seizures:</strong> Also known as grand mal seizures, these cause intense muscle contractions and loss of consciousness.</li></ul></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Are Seizure Triggers?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Certain factors can increase the likelihood of seizures in people with epilepsy, including:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Stress</li><li dir="ltr">Lack of sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Flashing lights (photosensitive epilepsy)</li><li dir="ltr">Fever or illness</li><li dir="ltr">Alcohol or drug use</li><li dir="ltr">Missed medications</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal changes</li><li dir="ltr">Dehydration</li><li dir="ltr">Skipped meals</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms and Causes</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Epilepsy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Sudden, involuntary muscle movements</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of unconsciousness or awareness</li><li dir="ltr">Uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs</li><li dir="ltr">Confusion or staring spells</li><li dir="ltr">Temporary loss of speech</li><li dir="ltr">Stiffness of muscles</li><li dir="ltr">Fear, anxiety, or deja vu in certain cases</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes of Epilepsy:&nbsp;</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Genetic factors</li><li dir="ltr">Brain injury or trauma</li><li dir="ltr">Stroke or brain infections</li><li dir="ltr">Developmental disorders such as autism</li><li dir="ltr">Brain tumours</li><li dir="ltr">ADHD</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Diagnosis and Tests</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Assessment of symptoms, past medical conditions, and family history.</li><li dir="ltr">EEG to measure the electrical activity in the brain to detect any abnormal patterns that indicate epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr">MRIs and CT scans provide detailed images of the brain to identify abnormalities like tumours, strokes, or structural issues.</li><li dir="ltr">Blood tests help rule out infections, metabolic conditions, or genetic disorders that might cause seizures.</li><li dir="ltr">Video EEG monitoring helps in recording the brain activity and physical symptoms simultaneously to capture seizure episodes.</li><li dir="ltr">Neuropsychological testing evaluates cognitive function to identify areas of brain impairment caused by epilepsy.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">In some cases, provocative tests like flashing lights or hyperventilation are used to trigger seizures during evaluation.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Management and Treatment</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy can be managed with proper treatment, allowing many patients to lead a normal life.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medications</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the primary treatment for epilepsy. These medications help control seizures by stabilising brain activities. About 70% of cases are successfully managed through medications.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Surgical Options</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">When medications don’t adequately control seizures, surgery might be an option. Surgical approaches include resective surgery, laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), corpus callosotomy, and hemispherectomy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Neurostimulation Devices</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">These devices work by sending electrical impulses to the brain to reduce seizure activity. The common techniques include vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS).</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Dietary Therapies</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The most common dietary therapies include the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index diet.&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lifestyle Management</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Beyond medical treatments, certain lifestyle changes can help manage epilepsy, such as getting regular sleep, managing stress, avoiding triggers, doing regular exercise, and limiting the intake of alcohol.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Prevention of Epilepsy</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While it's not always possible to prevent epilepsy, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it and to prevent seizures in those who already have the condition.&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Epilepsy</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Prenatal Care:&nbsp;</strong>Good prenatal care, including proper nutrition and avoiding infections during pregnancy, can help prevent brain development problems that might lead to epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Head Protection:</strong> Using seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and other protective gear can prevent head injuries that might cause epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Reducing Stroke Risk:&nbsp;</strong>Managing conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can lower the risk of stroke, which can cause epilepsy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Infections:&nbsp;</strong>Vaccinations against diseases like meningitis and proper hygiene can prevent infections that might lead to epilepsy.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Seizures in People with Epilepsy</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Medication Adherence:&nbsp;</strong>Taking anti-seizure medications exactly as prescribed is crucial for preventing seizures.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Identifying and Avoiding Triggers:&nbsp;</strong>Keeping a seizure diary can help identify specific triggers to avoid.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Regular Medical Check-ups:&nbsp;</strong>Regular visits to a healthcare provider allow for adjustments to treatment plans as needed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle:&nbsp;</strong>Regular sleep, balanced nutrition, exercise, and stress management are all important.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Safety Precautions:&nbsp;</strong>Taking steps to ensure safety during activities like swimming, bathing, or using machinery can prevent injuries if a seizure occurs.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">While these measures can help reduce the risk and frequency of seizures, it's important to remember that epilepsy is often unpredictable, and seizures may still occur despite the best prevention efforts.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Choose Amrita Hospital for Epilepsy Treatment?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">When seeking care for epilepsy, choosing the right healthcare facility can make a significant difference in outcomes and quality of life. Amrita Hospital stands out as a <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/neurosciences/amrita-advanced-centre-epilepsy">centre of excellence for epilepsy treatment</a> for several reasons:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Expertise in Neurology and Epilepsy Management</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital has a team of highly qualified neurologists and epileptologists who specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. With years of experience and continuous education in the latest advancements, our specialists are equipped to handle even the most complex cases of epilepsy.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Advanced Diagnostic Facilities</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Our hospital is equipped with the most advanced technology for accurate diagnosis, including advanced EEG monitoring, high-resolution MRI, functional neuroimaging, and genetic testing.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Multidisciplinary Approach</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy care at Amrita Hospital involves a team of specialists working together for the patient’s recovery. Neurologists and epileptologists focus on diagnosis and medical management, while neurosurgeons handle surgical treatments when needed. Neuroradiologists interpret brain scans, and neuropsychologists provide cognitive assessments and support. Dietitians oversee ketogenic diet plans, and rehabilitation specialists work to enhance function and independence.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Personalised Treatment Plan</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Each person with epilepsy is unique, with different types of seizures, responses to medications, and life circumstances. So, our approach is to develop individualised treatment plans that consider all aspects of a patient’s condition and life situations.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Patient Care, Education, and Follow-Up</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Beyond providing medical treatment, Amrita Hospital emphasises educating the patient and their family about epilepsy, seizure first aid, and self-management strategies. We also ensure that ongoing monitoring and treatment adjustments are done as needed.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Choosing Amrita Hospital for epilepsy care means having access to comprehensive, compassionate, and sophisticated treatment that addresses not just the seizures but the whole person.</p><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is a complex brain disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. While it presents challenges, with proper diagnosis, treatment, and management, most people with epilepsy can lead full, active lives. The key to managing epilepsy effectively lies in understanding the condition, working closely with healthcare providers, and being proactive about treatment and lifestyle adjustments.</p><p dir="ltr">It's also important to address the stigma and misconceptions surrounding epilepsy through education and awareness. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the outlook for people with epilepsy continues to improve as medical science advances.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>How common is epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting around 50 million people worldwide, i.e., 1 in 26 people. It can develop at any age but is more frequently diagnosed in young children and older adults.</p><ol start="2"><li dir="ltr"><strong>What happens in your brain when you have epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy occurs when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In epilepsy, the communication between brain cells is disrupted, leading to a sudden burst of excessive electrical activity.&nbsp;</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><strong>How to avoid epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">While epilepsy cannot always be prevented, certain steps can reduce the risk, such as preventing head injuries, managing infections, avoiding excessive use of alcohol or drugs, and maintaining good prenatal care.</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr"><strong>What is the cause of epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Epilepsy can have multiple causes, including genetic factors, brain injuries, developmental disorders, brain tumours, structural abnormalities, etc.</p><ol start="5"><li dir="ltr"><strong>&nbsp;Can stress cause epilepsy?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Stress does not directly cause epilepsy, but it can trigger seizures in people with epilepsy. Emotional stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep can lower the brain’s threshold for seizures. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, mindfulness, and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce seizure risks.</p>

Epilepsy - Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

<p dir="ltr">Hormonal imbalances are becoming increasingly common among young people today, leading to a wide range of health issues. However, by making&nbsp;<strong>simple lifestyle changes</strong> and choosing the&nbsp;<strong>right diet</strong>, it’s possible to bring your body back into balance and live a healthier, happier life.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Are Hormones So Important?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Hormones influence everything from your&nbsp;mood and metabolism to reproductive health and energy levels. In women especially, a hormone imbalance can lead to&nbsp;irregular periods, weight gain, acne, fatigue, and conditions like&nbsp;PCOS or thyroid disorders.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Causes Hormonal Imbalance?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Our&nbsp;modern lifestyle and eating habits are major culprits. High intake of&nbsp;sugar, processed foods, artificial additives, and low-fiber diets can disrupt gut health, which is closely linked to hormone production. Over time, this can lead to issues like&nbsp;inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, and leaky gut syndrome, all of which affect hormonal balance.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Foods That Help Balance Hormones</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Healthy Fats: The Foundation of Hormone Health</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Your body needs&nbsp;<strong>good fats</strong> to make hormones. These include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Virgin Coconut Oil</strong> – Boosts metabolism and supports thyroid function</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Nuts like almonds and walnuts</strong> – Rich in omega-3s and monounsaturated fats</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avocados</strong> – Support insulin regulation and reproductive hormones</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Protein Power</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Proteins are essential for hormone production, especially&nbsp;<strong>insulin and thyroid hormones</strong>. Include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Legumes (peas, beans, green grams)</strong> – Maintain blood sugar levels</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Eggs, fish, chicken</strong> – High-quality animal proteins</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Yogurt, paneer, cheese</strong> – Offer probiotics for gut health</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Identify and eliminate any food allergies to ensure your body absorbs proteins efficiently.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Fiber for More Than Digestion</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Fiber doesn’t just aid digestion—it also helps&nbsp;<strong>control blood sugar and estrogen levels</strong>.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Whole grains, leafy greens, and traditional foods</strong> like&nbsp;<strong>millets, red rice, and drumstick</strong> are rich sources.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Oats, fruits, and legumes</strong> slow glucose absorption, reducing insulin spikes.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Natural Ways to Support Hormones</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Antioxidant-Rich Foods</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Turmeric (Curcumin)</strong> – Supports liver detox and reduces inflammation</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Gooseberry, pomegranate, blueberries</strong> – High in vitamin C and polyphenols, reduce cortisol and improve sleep</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Probiotics and Prebiotics</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Yogurt, buttermilk, fermented batters (idli/dosa)</strong> – Encourage good gut bacteria</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Banana, garlic, onion</strong> – Act as prebiotics, nourishing gut flora and enhancing hormone balance</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What to Avoid for Hormone Health</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Refined sugars and processed carbs</strong> – Spike insulin and worsen PCOS symptoms</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Caffeine-loaded drinks</strong> – Overstimulate adrenal glands and disrupt cortisol levels</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Artificial preservatives and additives</strong> – Act as endocrine disruptors, mimicking natural hormones and causing imbalance</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Small Changes That Make a Big Difference</strong></h2><ol><li><p dir="ltr">Include&nbsp;healthy fats, protein, and fiber in every meal</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Choose&nbsp;nuts and seeds over packaged snacks</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Prioritize&nbsp;vegetables and grains at dinner</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Try herbal teas like&nbsp;ginger or turmeric tea instead of excess coffee</p></li><li><p dir="ltr">Practice&nbsp;yoga, get enough sleep, walk daily, and follow&nbsp;Ayurvedic routines for holistic support</p></li></ol><p>You don’t need extreme diets or complicated routines to restore your hormone health. With&nbsp;<strong>a balanced diet, mindful living, and small consistent changes</strong>, you can manage mood, energy, menstruation, and overall well-being.&nbsp;</p>

The Impact of Nutrition in Hormonal Health

<p dir="ltr">Colorectal cancer, commonly referred to as colon cancer, is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While it primarily affects individuals over the age of 50, younger adults are increasingly being diagnosed with the disease. The good news is that colorectal cancer is highly preventable and treatable when detected early through regular screening.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Screening plays a crucial role in identifying precancerous polyps and early-stage cancer before symptoms appear. Advanced screening techniques have significantly reduced mortality rates by enabling early detection and timely intervention. By understanding the symptoms and available screening options, individuals can take steps to safeguard their health.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If you are over 45 or have a family history of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, it is essential to discuss screening options with your healthcare provider. Early detection can make all the difference.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Colon Cancer</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Abdominal pain or cramping</li><li dir="ltr">Blood in stool or rectal bleeding</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation</li><li dir="ltr">Unexplained weight loss</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue and anemia</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of appetite</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider promptly.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How to Screen for Colon Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Screening methods include:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Colonoscopy</strong>:&nbsp;</h3><p>A comprehensive test recommended for individuals aged 45 and older.</p><p>If there is a family history of colon cancer, start screening 10 years before the age of diagnosis in the affected relative.</p><p dir="ltr">Colonoscopy is the gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer and precancerous polyps.&nbsp; It also allows doctors to visualize the entire colon and rectum, identifying abnormalities that other tests might miss.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">During the procedure, doctors can remove precancerous polyps, preventing them from developing into cancer. &nbsp; Colonoscopy helps to detect cancer at an early stage when it's most treatable.</p><h3><strong>Other Screening Methods</strong>:</h3><p>Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)&nbsp;or&nbsp;Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT):&nbsp;Annual tests to detect hidden blood in stool. Main advantages are that it is&nbsp;noninvasive, simple and can be done at home</p><p dir="ltr">To Remember:&nbsp;<strong>Before the Test (3 days prior)</strong>:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Avoid red meat: Do not consume red meat (beef, lamb, pork) for 3 days before the test. This is because red meat can cause a false positive result due to the blood in the meat.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid certain fruits and vegetables: Some foods, like turnips, radishes, melons, broccoli, and cauliflower, can interfere with the test and should be avoided for a few days before.</li><li dir="ltr">Limit Vitamin C</li></ul><h3><strong>Flexible Sigmoidoscopy</strong>:&nbsp;</h3><p>Recommended every 5 years. Preferably people who are screened with sigmoidoscopy should be tested annually with FIT.&nbsp; It is Less invasive. Sigmoidoscopy examines only the lower portion of the colon, making it less invasive than a colonoscopy. It is a short procedure compared to colonoscopy and doesn’t require sedation. However it see only the lower part of colon misses the rest. An abnormality detected during sigmoidoscopy needs follow up with colonoscopy.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>CT Colonography</strong>:&nbsp;</h3><p>A non-invasive alternative performed every 5 years. It is noninvasive and has good accuracy but can miss small polyps and some abnormalities. It is better to do as part of a comprehensive screening process.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Screening Intervals by Age</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr">Ages 50-75</h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Annual FIT/FOBT</strong>: To identify early signs of cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Colonoscopy</strong>: Every 10 years for detailed examination.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sigmoidoscopy</strong>: Every 5 years.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Ages 45-50</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Screening is strongly advised for individuals in this age group.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Individuals with Family History of Colon Cancer</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Begin screening 10 years earlier than the age of diagnosis in the affected family member.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr">Over 75 Years Old</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Screening should be personalized based on the individual’s health and life expectancy.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Take Control of Your Health with Regular Screenings</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Colon cancer is a major health concern, but the good news is that it is highly preventable and treatable when detected early. Regular screenings such as colonoscopy, FIT/FOBT, sigmoidoscopy and CT colonography play a crucial role in early diagnosis, significantly reducing the risk of advanced colorectal cancer. If you are in your late forties or have a family history of colon cancer or experience any symptoms, it is essential to discuss your screening options with a healthcare professional.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Take a proactive step toward your health today! Schedule your screening at Amrita Hospital and <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/cancer-centre">consult our expert team</a> for personalised guidance. Book your appointment now!&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

Understanding Colorectal Cancer and the Need for Screening

<p dir="ltr">Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women, with its incidence steadily rising, particularly in younger populations. Despite significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment, early detection remains critical in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Understanding the risk factors, adopting preventive measures, and adhering to recommended screening guidelines can significantly reduce the impact of this disease.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">This blog provides an in-depth look at the causes of breast cancer, evidence-based prevention strategies, and the importance of early detection through proper screening protocols. By understanding risk factors—ranging from genetic predispositions to lifestyle choices—and implementing appropriate preventive measures, we can reduce the occurrence of this disease.</p><h2><strong>Causes</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Hereditary- about 5-10% of breast cancers are hereditary, due to mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Prolonged exposure to estrogen elevates breast cancer risk- eg. Early menarche (before age 12), late menopause (after 55), nulliparity, and delayed first childbirth.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, particularly combined estrogen-progesterone regimens&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Postmenopausal obesity (elevates risk by 20–40%)&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Alcohol intake and smoking&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Chest radiation before age 30 (e.g., for Hodgkin’s lymphoma)</li><li dir="ltr">Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (Eg. bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates- increases the risk</li></ul><h2><strong>Prevention</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Maintaining an ideal body mass index (BMI)&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid alcohol and smoking</li><li dir="ltr">Engage in regular exercise (at least 150minuts/week)</li><li dir="ltr">Tamoxifen reduces breast cancer risk in high-risk women</li><li dir="ltr">Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA carriers</li></ul><h2><strong>Symptoms of Breast Cancer</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Painless lumps in the breast or armpit</li><li dir="ltr">Inverted nipples</li><li dir="ltr">Bloody discharge from the nipple</li><li dir="ltr">Unusual changes in breast shape or size or changes in the skin</li><li dir="ltr">Swelling of the upper limbs</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If any of these symptoms are present, consult a doctor immediately.</p><h2><strong>How to Screen for Breast Cancer?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Breast cancer screening includes:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Breast Self-Examination (BSE)</strong>: Regularly checking for lumps or abnormalities at home.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Physician-Assisted Examination</strong>: Conducted during routine medical check-ups.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Mammograms</strong>: The most effective method for early breast cancer detection.</li></ol><p dir="ltr">If abnormalities are detected, an oncologist may recommend further testing or a biopsy.</p><h2><strong>Screening Guidelines by Risk Level</strong></h2><h3><strong>For Average Risk Individuals (Lifetime Risk &lt;15%)</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ages 50-70</strong>: Mammogram every 1-2 years.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ages 40-50</strong>: Screening may be considered depending on individual health and risk factors.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ages 70+</strong>: Mammograms recommended only for women with a life expectancy of at least 10 years.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Below 40</strong>: Routine screening is generally not advised unless risk factors are present.</li></ul><h3><strong>For High-Risk Individuals (Lifetime Risk &gt;20%)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Includes:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation carriers.</li><li dir="ltr">First-degree relatives of BRCA gene mutation carriers.</li><li dir="ltr">Individuals who underwent chest radiation therapy between ages 10 and 30.</li><li dir="ltr">Those with hereditary conditions like&nbsp;<strong>Li-Fraumeni Syndrome</strong>.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Recommendations:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Begin screening at age 25.</li><li>Annual&nbsp;<strong>MRI mammograms</strong> are advised in addition to physical exams.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Be Proactive About Your Breast Health with Amrita Hospital, Kochi</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</a> is a growing health concern, but with awareness, early detection, and proactive prevention, its impact can be significantly reduced. Understanding the risk factors—both genetic and lifestyle-related—empowers individuals to make informed choices about their health. Regular screening, particularly for high-risk individuals, plays a crucial role in early diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">By adopting a healthy lifestyle, staying vigilant about symptoms, and following regular screenings, we can take meaningful steps toward reducing breast cancer risk. If you notice any warning signs or have concerns about your risk, consulting a healthcare professional is essential. Early detection saves lives—stay informed, stay proactive, and prioritize your health.</p><p dir="ltr">Consult with the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/cancer-centre">experts at Amrita Hospital</a> to assess your risk and create a personalized screening plan. Book your appointment today and take a step toward better breast health!</p>

Breast Cancer: Understanding Causes, Prevention, and Early Detection  

<p dir="ltr">Mental health is a vital aspect of overall well-being, yet many conditions remain misunderstood.&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder">Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)</a>, previously known as multiple personality disorder, is one such condition often clouded by myths and misconceptions. Addressing these misunderstandings is crucial for fostering mental health awareness and reducing the stigma surrounding DID.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">DID is a complex mental health condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states within one individual. Each identity, referred to as an “alter,” may have its own behaviors, memories, and thought patterns. People with DID may also experience:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Amnesia:</strong> Gaps in memory that occur due to separate identities controlling behavior at different times.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Detachment:</strong> Feeling disconnected from reality or as though watching oneself from the outside.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">DID often develops as a coping mechanism for severe trauma or abuse during childhood, allowing the individual to dissociate from distressing experiences.</p><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital</strong>, our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/psychiatry-and-clinical-psychology/psychiatry-and-behavior-medicine">specialized mental health counselling and psychiatry services</a> aim to provide accurate information and compassionate care for individuals living with mental health challenges. Let’s explore the realities of DID by separating myths from facts and promoting understanding.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Myths vs. Facts About Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 1: Dissociative Identity Disorder Is Extremely Rare</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is more common than many believe. While its prevalence is low compared to other mental health disorders, DID affects a significant number of individuals worldwide.</p><p dir="ltr">Misconceptions about DID’s rarity often stem from underdiagnosis and confusion with other conditions. Early recognition of symptoms is key to timely intervention and effective treatment.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 2: People with DID Are Violent</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> People with DID are no more violent than the general population.</p><p dir="ltr">The portrayal of DID in media, especially in films and TV shows, has perpetuated the false notion that individuals with DID are dangerous. In reality, people with DID are often victims of trauma and are more likely to harm themselves than others.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 3: DID Is the Same as Schizophrenia</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID and schizophrenia are distinct mental health conditions.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">DID involves multiple identities or alters coexisting within one person.</li><li dir="ltr">Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">These differences underscore the importance of accurate diagnosis and treatment tailored to the specific condition.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 4: DID Is Just a Personality Disorder</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is a dissociative disorder, not a personality disorder.</p><p dir="ltr">Dissociative disorders, like DID, are marked by disruptions in identity, memory, and self-perception. Personality disorders, on the other hand, involve enduring patterns of behavior and thoughts that deviate from societal norms.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 5: DID Is Easy to Diagnose</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is challenging to diagnose and often goes unrecognized for years.</p><p dir="ltr">Individuals with DID frequently seek treatment for symptoms like anxiety, depression, or memory problems without realizing they have DID. Misdiagnosis is common, highlighting the need for skilled mental health professionals to identify and address the condition effectively.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Myth 6: DID Isn’t Real</strong></h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Fact:</strong> DID is a real, diagnosable mental health condition.</p><p dir="ltr">Research and clinical studies have validated the existence of DID. The&nbsp;<strong>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)</strong> outlines specific criteria for diagnosing DID, ensuring its recognition as a legitimate disorder.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The symptoms of DID vary but often include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states.</li><li dir="ltr">Amnesia or memory gaps related to daily activities, personal information, or traumatic events.</li><li dir="ltr">Difficulty functioning in social, work, or home settings.</li><li dir="ltr">Feelings of detachment or being disconnected from oneself or reality.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">DID can co-occur with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes and Risk Factors</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">DID typically develops in response to severe trauma or stress, particularly during early childhood. Factors that increase the risk of DID include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Physical or sexual abuse.</li><li dir="ltr">Neglect or emotional maltreatment.</li><li dir="ltr">Exposure to war, terrorism, or other traumatic events.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Dissociation serves as a coping mechanism, allowing the individual to mentally escape from unbearable situations.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Effective treatment for DID focuses on:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Psychotherapy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) are commonly used to address trauma and manage symptoms.</li><li dir="ltr">Therapy aims to integrate separate identities into a unified self.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Medications:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">While there’s no specific medication for DID, antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help manage co-occurring conditions.</li></ul></li><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Hypnotherapy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Guided meditation may assist in recovering suppressed memories and addressing trauma.</li></ul></li></ol><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital</strong>, our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/doctors/psychiatry-and-clinical-psychology">experienced psychiatrists and counselors</a> provide personalized care to help individuals with DID navigate their symptoms and improve their quality of life.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Promoting Mental Health Awareness</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Building awareness and understanding about DID is essential for reducing stigma and encouraging those affected to seek help. Here’s how you can contribute to&nbsp;<strong>mental health awareness</strong>:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Educate Yourself:</strong> Learn about DID and other mental health conditions to dispel myths.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Support Others:</strong> Be compassionate and understanding toward those living with mental health challenges.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Seek Help:</strong> If you or a loved one experiences symptoms of DID, consult a mental health professional promptly.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Mental Health Counselling at Amrita Hospital</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital</strong>, we are committed to providing comprehensive mental health services, including counseling and psychiatry. Our team of experts offers:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Individual Therapy:</strong> Tailored sessions to address specific needs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Family Counseling:</strong> Support for families navigating mental health challenges.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Trauma-Informed Care:</strong> Specialized treatment for trauma-related conditions like DID.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Your mental health matters. With the right support, individuals with DID can lead fulfilling lives.</p><p>Understanding the realities of&nbsp;<strong>Dissociative Identity Disorder</strong> is the first step toward empathy and effective treatment. By separating myths from facts, we can create a more inclusive society that values mental health and well-being.</p>

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Myths vs. Facts

<p dir="ltr">Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common viral infections affecting both men and women alike. While many HPV infections clear up on their own, some persistent strains can lead to serious health conditions, including cervical cancer as well as cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, throat and penis. Almost all cases of cervical cancer are linked to HPV, making it a major public health concern, especially in countries like India, which bear a significant portion of the global burden.</p><p>Despite the widespread prevalence of HPV, awareness about its associated diseases, prevention methods, and vaccination schedules remains limited. This blog explores the various diseases caused by HPV, the available vaccines, their effectiveness, and why early vaccines are crucial in preventing life-threatening conditions.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What are the diseases caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?</strong></h2><p>&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Almost all cervical cancers are caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). HPV viruses are also responsible for vaginal, vulvar, anal, oral, throat and penile cancers.</li><li dir="ltr">India alone accounts for one-quarter of the worldwide burden of cervical cancers.</li><li dir="ltr">HPV infections are so common that nearly all sexually active men and women will get at least one type of HPV at some time in their lives. Most HPV infections go away by themselves within two years. Around 5% of them progress to a state of persistent infection, which can cause cancer.</li><li dir="ltr">Cervical cancer is often detected late due to lack of any significant symptoms in the early stages of the disease.</li><li dir="ltr">Of the more than 100 HPV types known, 13 types may cause cervical cancer or are associated with other cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina and throat. Out of them, type 16 and 18 are the most common ones. In countries where the HPV vaccines are used in the national immunization programs, a significant reduction of diseases caused by HPV has been recorded within a few years of use.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Which are the vaccines available against the HPV and what is the schedule ?</strong></h2><p>&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Bivalent (HPV2): this vaccine contains HPV types 16 and 18</li><li dir="ltr">Quadrivalent (HPV4): this vaccine contains HPV types 6, 11,16 and 18</li><li dir="ltr">Nonavalent (HPV9): this vaccine contains HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. This vaccine is expected to broaden the protection against cervical cancer by ~15%.</li><li dir="ltr">In India, the Bivalent vaccine (HPV2) and the Quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV 4) is expected to prevent ~ 83% of cervical cancers, whereas the Nonavalent vaccine (HPV 9) is expected to prevent ~ 98% of cervical cancers.</li><li dir="ltr">All the 3 vaccines are very eﬀective in preventing cervical cancers caused by the types contained in the vaccine.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Schedule:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Girls 9 through 14 years: Two doses to be administered at an interval of 6 months, 0–6 months</strong></li><li dir="ltr">Girls 15 years and older: Three doses recommended in the schedule 0–1–6 months for Cervarix and 0–2–6 months for Gardasil.</li><li dir="ltr">In immunocompromised individuals of any age: Three doses recommended in the schedule 0–1–6 months for Cervarix and 0–2–6 months for the Gardasil</li><li dir="ltr">HPV9 is licensed in a 3-dose schedule of 0-2-6 months in females 9-26 years of age and males 9-15 years of age.</li><li dir="ltr">The ideal age for starting the vaccine is 9-10 years.</li><li dir="ltr">HPV vaccines can be given at the same time as the Tdap vaccine.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why is it essential to start the schedule at 9-10 years and not later?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Young adolescents mount a superior immune response compared to older individuals.</li><li dir="ltr">Prevention of disease is better if started earlier</li><li dir="ltr">Only 2 doses are necessary in this age group versus 3 doses beyond 15 years of age.</li><li dir="ltr">There is no recommendation for any booster doses.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Are the HPV vaccines safe?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">These vaccines are generally safe. Mild to moderate local side eﬀects are pain, swelling or redness at the vaccine site.</li><li dir="ltr">Some adolescents may have giddiness or fainting sensation after the shot. It can be minimized by giving the vaccine in a lying down or reclining position. All the patients should be monitored for at least 20 minutes for any immediate side eﬀects. This adverse eﬀect is not HPV vaccine specific, but can happen after any vaccine, in this age group.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who should receive this vaccine?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">All girls (&gt;9 years) and adolescent girls should receive this vaccine. Catch-up vaccination may be oﬀered to older women</li><li dir="ltr">This vaccine is licensed for use till 45 years. Vaccination of males will oﬀer some protection against other HPV related cancers penis, anus and oropharynx (mouth and throat). In India, only the HPV 9 vaccine is licensed in males.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who should not receive the HPV vaccine?</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">History of severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after the first dose of the vaccine or known, severe allergies to any component of the vaccine</li><li dir="ltr">&nbsp;Pregnancy</li><li dir="ltr">People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover, before getting HPV vaccine.</li><li dir="ltr">Vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. Some adults ages 27 through 45 years might decide to get the HPV vaccine based on discussion with their clinician, if they did not get adequately vaccinated when they were younger. HPV vaccination of people in this age range provides less benefit, for several reasons, including that more people in this age range have already been exposed to HPV.</li><li dir="ltr">For adults ages 27 through 45 years, clinicians can consider discussing HPV vaccination with people who are most likely to benefit.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Protect Your Health with Early HPV Vaccination</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">In conclusion, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent infection with the potential to cause various cancers, notably cervical cancer. Vaccination against HPV has proven to be a highly effective preventive measure, especially when administered at the recommended ages. Early immunisation not only elicits a stronger immune response but also reduces the number of doses required.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are committed to HPV-related diseases through comprehensive vaccination programs. Our <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/cancer-centre/gynecologic-oncology-division">Gynaecologic Oncology Department</a> offers the HPV vaccine, which helps protect against the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer. We encourage all eligible individuals to take proactive steps in safeguarding their health.</p><p dir="ltr">To learn more about HPV vaccination or to schedule an appointment, contact our Gynaecologic Oncology Department. Our dedicated team is here to provide you with personalised care and support.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

HPV and Its Role in Various Cancers: Everything to Know

<p dir="ltr">Oral cancer refers to malignant tumors that develop in the mouth, lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and throat (oropharynx). Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes, yet there are no standardized routine screening tests for oral cancer. Instead, it is often identified during routine dental check-ups or through self-examination.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Oral cancer symptoms can be subtle in the early stages but may progress to include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Persistent sores or ulcers</strong> in the mouth that do not heal within two weeks.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lump or swelling</strong> in the neck or jaw.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Loose teeth</strong> or changes in how dentures fit.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain, difficulty, or discomfort while chewing or swallowing.</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Changes in voice or speech difficulty.</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Unexplained bleeding or numbness</strong> in the mouth, lips, or tongue.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>White, red, or mixed patches (leukoplakia, erythroplakia, or erythroleukoplakia)</strong> on the gums, tongue, or inner cheeks.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Persistent sore throat or hoarseness.</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ear pain</strong> without an ear infection.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Unexplained weight loss</strong> and fatigue.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, consult a healthcare provider or dentist immediately for further evaluation.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes and Risk Factors for Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Several factors contribute to the development of oral cancer:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Tobacco Use</strong>: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes and chewing tobacco are the leading causes of oral cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Alcohol Consumption</strong>: Chronic heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk significantly, particularly in combination with tobacco use.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Areca (Betel) Nut Chewing</strong>: Common in some Asian populations, betel nut chewing has a strong link to oral cancers.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Poor Oral Hygiene</strong>: Chronic irritation from poor dental hygiene, ill-fitting dentures, or gum disease may contribute to cancer development.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>UV Radiation Exposure</strong>: Prolonged exposure to sunlight increases the risk of lip cancers.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Viral and Infectious Factors</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Human Papillomavirus (HPV)</strong>: HPV-16, a high-risk strain, is strongly linked to oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccination against HPV can reduce the risk.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)</strong>: Though primarily linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, EBV may play a role in some oral cancers.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Preventing Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing the incidence of oral cancer. You can lower your risk by:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Avoiding Tobacco and Alcohol</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Quit smoking</strong>: Tobacco use is responsible for up to&nbsp;<strong>60% of oral cancers</strong> in certain regions.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Limit alcohol consumption</strong>: Excessive alcohol intake is associated with about&nbsp;<strong>30% of oral cancers</strong>.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Protecting Against HPV and Other Infections</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Get vaccinated against&nbsp;<strong>HPV</strong> (especially HPV-16), which is linked to oropharyngeal cancer.</li><li dir="ltr">Practice&nbsp;<strong>safe oral hygiene and sexual practices</strong> to reduce HPV transmission risk.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Sun Protection for Lip Cancer</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Use a&nbsp;<strong>broad-spectrum sunscreen</strong> on your lips and wear a wide-brimmed hat if exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Apply&nbsp;<strong>lip balm with SPF 30+</strong>, especially when the&nbsp;<strong>UV index is 3 or above</strong>.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Maintaining Good Oral Hygiene and Regular Check-Ups</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Brush twice a day</strong> and floss daily to maintain oral health.</li><li dir="ltr">High-risk individuals must visit a&nbsp;<strong>dentist every 6 months</strong> for oral exams, as they can detect early changes before cancer develops.</li><li dir="ltr">Ensure&nbsp;<strong>dentures fit properly</strong> to avoid chronic irritation.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Healthy Diet and Nutrition</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">A diet rich in&nbsp;<strong>fruits and vegetables</strong> (high in antioxidants, vitamins A, C, and E) can help reduce cancer risk.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid&nbsp;<strong>processed meats and high-sugar diets</strong>, which may contribute to cancer risk.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Early Detection of Oral Cancer</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Since there are no standardized routine screening tests for oral cancer,&nbsp;<strong>self-examinations and regular dental visits</strong> are essential.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Self-Examination for Oral Cancer</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Once a month, perform a&nbsp;<strong>self-exam</strong> in front of a mirror:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Look for&nbsp;<strong>unusual sores, patches, or lumps</strong> in the mouth, lips, and tongue.</li><li dir="ltr">Check the&nbsp;<strong>roof and floor of the mouth</strong> for any abnormalities.</li><li dir="ltr">Feel for&nbsp;<strong>swollen lymph nodes</strong> in the neck.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If you notice&nbsp;<strong>any persistent abnormalities</strong>, consult a dentist or doctor promptly.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Professional Screening</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Dentists and oral surgeons</strong> can identify early-stage lesions and conduct biopsies if needed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Adjunctive screening tools</strong>, such as fluorescence imaging or toluidine blue staining, can enhance early detection.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer">Oral cancer</a> is a&nbsp;<strong>preventable disease</strong> with&nbsp;<strong>modifiable risk factors</strong>. By making&nbsp;<strong>lifestyle changes, maintaining good oral health, and ensuring early detection</strong>, you can significantly lower your risk.&nbsp;<strong>Regular dental check-ups, self-examinations, and a healthy lifestyle</strong> are key to preventing and managing oral cancer effectively. Stay proactive and take charge of your oral health!</p>

Oral Cancer: Causes, Prevention, and Early Detection

<p dir="ltr">Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men worldwide. Early detection through proper screening can improve outcomes and reduce complications. However, screening should be approached with careful consideration of both benefits and risks.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Symptoms of Prostate Cancer</h2><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer">Prostate cancer</a> often shows no symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear:</p><p dir="ltr">• Frequent urination, especially at night</p><p dir="ltr">• Feeling of incomplete urination</p><p dir="ltr">• Pain or burning during urination</p><p dir="ltr">• Decreased urine output</p><p dir="ltr">• Persistent pain in the hips, back, or pelvis</p><p dir="ltr">These symptoms are not exclusive to prostate cancer and may be caused by other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate). If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation.</p><h2 dir="ltr">How is Prostate Cancer Screening Done?</h2><p dir="ltr">The primary screening tool for prostate cancer is the PSA test (Prostate-Specific Antigen test). This simple blood test measures PSA levels, which can be elevated due to:</p><p dir="ltr">• Prostate cancer</p><p dir="ltr">• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (enlargement of the prostate)</p><p dir="ltr">• Prostatitis (prostate inflammation or infection)</p><p dir="ltr">Since an elevated PSA level does not always mean cancer, additional tests such as MRI, a prostate biopsy may be recommended before confirming a diagnosis.</p><p dir="ltr">While PSA screening can reduce prostate cancer-related deaths, it also has risks, including false positives (leading to unnecessary biopsies) and overdiagnosis (detecting slow-growing cancers that may never cause harm).</p><h2 dir="ltr">Screening Recommendations</h2><p dir="ltr">Screening guidelines vary based on age and risk factors:</p><h3 dir="ltr">1. Average Risk:</h3><p dir="ltr">• Men with no family history of prostate cancer should start discussing PSA screening with their doctor at age 50.</p><h3 dir="ltr">2. High Risk:</h3><p dir="ltr">• Men at higher risk (e.g., those with a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65, or African American men) should consider screening at age 45.</p><h3 dir="ltr">3. Age 55-69:</h3><p dir="ltr">• The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and major medical organizations recommend shared decision-making for men in this age group. This means discussing the risks and benefits of PSA screening with a doctor before deciding whether to proceed.</p><h3 dir="ltr">4. Age 70 and Older:</h3><p dir="ltr">• Routine PSA screening is not recommended unless there are specific medical reasons, as the risks of screening may outweigh the benefits in older adults.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Key Considerations for PSA Screening</h2><h3 dir="ltr">Pros:</h3><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Early detection can improve treatment outcomes.</p><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Screening may reduce prostate cancer mortality.</p><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Advanced diagnostic tools (MRI fusion biopsy, biomarker tests) help refine risk assessment.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Cons:</h3><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;False positives can cause unnecessary anxiety and lead to unneeded biopsies.</p><p dir="ltr">• &nbsp;Overdiagnosis may result in overtreatment, which can lead to side effects such as:</p><p dir="ltr">• Erectile dysfunction</p><p dir="ltr">• Urinary incontinence</p><p dir="ltr">• Bowel issues&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Since not all prostate cancers are aggressive, some men may opt for active surveillance instead of immediate treatment if diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer.</p><h2 dir="ltr">What Happens if PSA Levels are High?</h2><p dir="ltr">If your PSA level is elevated, your doctor may recommend:</p><p dir="ltr">1. Repeating the PSA test after a short period to rule out temporary fluctuations.</p><p dir="ltr">2. Prostate MRI to look for suspicious areas before proceeding with a biopsy.</p><p dir="ltr">3. A prostate biopsy, which is the only way to confirm prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">Not all men with an elevated PSA need a biopsy immediately—advanced imaging and biomarker tests can help reduce unnecessary biopsies.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer</h2><p dir="ltr">If diagnosed, treatment options depend on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer:</p><p dir="ltr">• Active Surveillance: For slow-growing, low-risk prostate cancer, regular monitoring may be an option instead of immediate treatment.</p><p dir="ltr">• Surgery (Radical Prostatectomy): Involves removing the prostate gland, often recommended for localized but aggressive cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">• Radiation Therapy: Used for localized cancer, sometimes combined with hormone therapy.</p><p dir="ltr">• Hormone Therapy: Helps slow cancer growth by reducing testosterone levels.</p><p dir="ltr">• Chemotherapy &amp; Targeted Therapy: Used for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The choice of treatment should be based on discussions with a urologist and oncologist, considering factors such as age, overall health, and cancer stage. At Amrita Hospital, we have a specialized <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/speciality-departments/uro-oncology">Uro Oncology department</a> for prostate cancer treatment and care.</p><p dir="ltr">PSA screening is an important tool for detecting prostate cancer early, but it is not without risks. Talk to your doctor about your personal risk factors and the pros and cons of screening before making a decision.</p><p dir="ltr">By staying informed and proactive about your health, you can take the right steps toward early detection and better outcomes.</p>

Prostate Cancer: Symptoms, Screening, and Key Considerations

<p dir="ltr">Breast reconstruction is a significant and personal choice for women undergoing mastectomy. This guide provides an overview of the procedure, its types, benefits, risks, and considerations to help you make an informed decision.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What is Breast Reconstruction?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Breast reconstruction is a surgical procedure aimed at recreating the shape and appearance of the breast after a mastectomy. The goal is to achieve a natural-looking breast contour that aligns with your preferences and lifestyle.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Who is a Candidate for Breast Reconstruction?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Most women who have had a mastectomy can consider breast reconstruction. Your doctor will determine if it’s suitable for you based on factors such as your health, the type of cancer treatment you’ve received, and your personal preferences.</p><p dir="ltr">Some women may choose alternative options like wearing prosthetics (bra fillers) or embracing their natural post-mastectomy appearance without reconstruction.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Types of Breast Reconstruction</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What It Is</strong>: This method uses silicone gel implants to recreate the breast shape. Silicone implants are widely used for both cosmetic and reconstructive purposes.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>How It Works</strong>: The implant, carefully selected to match your body shape, is placed under the skin where the breast once was. In some cases, the breast skin and nipple can be preserved, leading to a more natural appearance.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Autologous or “Flap” Reconstruction</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What It Is</strong>: This method uses your own tissue (skin, fat, and sometimes muscle) from another part of your body—such as the tummy, back, or thighs—to form the new breast.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Considerations</strong>: Surgery may take 5-8 hours, with full recovery spanning 6-12 weeks. Using your tissue often results in a more natural feel and long-lasting results, though it involves a more complex procedure.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Combination Reconstruction</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">In some cases, surgeons use both implants and your own tissue to achieve the desired breast size and shape.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Timing of Reconstruction</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Immediate Reconstruction</strong>: Done at the same time as the mastectomy. This approach allows the surgeon to conserve breast skin and sometimes the nipples for a more natural look.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Delayed Reconstruction</strong>: Performed months or years after the mastectomy, often after other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation have been completed.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Risks of Breast Reconstruction</strong></p><p dir="ltr">As with any surgery, breast reconstruction comes with some risks:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Infection</strong>: May require additional treatment or implant removal.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Bleeding and Bruising</strong>: Occasionally, a second surgery might be necessary.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain</strong>: Pain at the surgical site or donor area is common but manageable with medication.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Healing Issues</strong>: Delayed healing could postpone additional treatments.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Further Surgeries</strong>: Adjustments might be needed for symmetry or to refine the results.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Benefits of Breast Reconstruction</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Restores Body Shape</strong>: Achieves a balanced appearance by recreating the breast.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improves Self-Confidence</strong>: Many women report feeling more comfortable and confident after reconstruction.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Expands Clothing Options</strong>: Wearing certain clothing styles may feel easier or more enjoyable.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Long-Term Considerations</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">Reconstructed breasts will not regain sensation, as nerves are severed during surgery.</li><li dir="ltr">Implants may need replacement over time due to leakage, rupture, or scar tissue formation.</li><li dir="ltr">Recovery time and physical activity limitations vary based on the type of reconstruction.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Ask yourself:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">How do I feel about my body image?</li><li dir="ltr">How soon do I want to recover?</li><li dir="ltr">How does reconstruction fit into my lifestyle and physical activities?</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What to Ask Your Surgeon</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr">What reconstruction options are available for me?</li><li dir="ltr">What are the pros, cons, and risks of each type?</li><li dir="ltr">How much will it cost, and will my insurance cover it?</li><li dir="ltr">Are there local support groups or resources I can access?</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Finding Support and Information</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Your Surgical Team</strong>: They will guide you through the process and provide tailored advice.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Support Groups</strong>: Connecting with others who have undergone reconstruction can be invaluable.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Breast reconstruction is a journey that combines medical expertise with personal choices. By understanding your options and seeking the right support, you can take a confident step toward recovery and self-empowerment.</p>

Breast Reconstruction - A Comprehensive Guide

<p dir="ltr">Cancer treatment has come a long way, evolving from traditional therapies to the latest innovations that offer a new ray of hope for those who have been diagnosed. With groundbreaking advancements in immunotherapy, targeted treatments, and precision medicine, patients today have access to more effective and personalized care than ever before.</p><p dir="ltr">In this blog, we explore the latest developments in cancer treatment, shedding light on how science is transforming lives and shaping the future of oncology. Stay with us as we uncover the breakthroughs bringing us closer to a world where cancer is not just treatable—but beatable.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Recent advances in Medical Oncology</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Immunotherapy:&nbsp;</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">This approach harnesses the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.</p><p dir="ltr">Checkpoint inhibitors, a type of immunotherapy, have shown remarkable success in treating various cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer. CAR T-cell therapy, another form of immunotherapy, involves genetically modifying a patient's immune cells to target and attack cancer cells with enhanced efficiency</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Checkpoint inhibitors</strong>: These help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) have been approved for various cancers.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>CAR T-cell therapy</strong>: T-cells are modified to better target cancer cells and then reintroduced into the patient. This has shown remarkable success in treating blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Targeted therapy:</strong> This treatment targets specific molecules or genes involved in cancer cell growth and survival. By blocking these targets, targeted therapies can inhibit cancer progression and improve patient outcomes. They often have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy because they specifically target cancer cells while leaving healthy cells relatively unharmed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Precision oncology: </strong>This approach uses genetic and molecular information about a patient's tumor to guide treatment decisions.</li></ol><p dir="ltr">By identifying specific genetic mutations or biomarkers driving cancer growth, precision oncology enables the selection of therapies most likely to be effective for an individual patient. This personalized approach maximizes treatment benefits and minimizes unnecessary side effects.</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Liquid biopsies: These tests analyze blood samples to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or other cancer-related biomarkers.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Liquid biopsies offer a less invasive alternative to traditional tissue biopsies and can be used for early cancer detection, monitoring treatment response, and identifying potential resistance mechanisms.</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Artificial intelligence (AI): AI is being used to improve various aspects of cancer care, from early detection and diagnosis to treatment planning and monitoring.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">AI-powered image analysis can help radiologists identify suspicious lesions on medical images, while AI algorithms can analyze large datasets to predict treatment responses and personalize treatment strategies.&nbsp;AI is helping to accelerate drug discovery and improve early detection by analyzing complex medical data more quickly and accurately than humans can.</p><ol start="5"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Nanotechnology is being used to develop more effective drug delivery systems.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Nanoparticles can be designed to deliver drugs directly to tumor cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing side effects.</p><ol start="6"><li dir="ltr"><strong>CRISPR gene editing: CRISPR technology is being researched for its potential to directly alter cancer-causing genes or to enhance immune cells for better targeting of tumors.</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has emerged as a game-changer in cancer therapy, offering the potential to revolutionize how we treat this complex disease. Here are some of the key applications of CRISPR in cancer treatment:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Enhancing CAR T-cell therapy:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CAR T-cell therapy involves genetically modifying a patient's T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognize and target cancer cells. CRISPR can be used to improve CAR T-cell therapy in several ways:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improving CAR design:</strong> CRISPR can be used to precisely insert CAR genes into specific locations in the T cell genome, ensuring optimal expression and function. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Enhancing T cell persistence:</strong> CRISPR can knock out genes that inhibit T cell activity or promote T cell exhaustion, leading to more durable responses.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Reducing side effects:</strong> CRISPR can be used to remove genes that contribute to side effects like cytokine release syndrome (CRS), making the therapy safer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Creating "off-the-shelf" CAR T cells:</strong> CRISPR can be used to engineer universal CAR T cells from healthy donors, eliminating the need for patient-specific cells and reducing manufacturing time and costs.</li></ul></li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Developing new cancer immunotherapies:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can be used to identify and validate new targets for immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint molecules or tumor-associated antigens. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can also be used to engineer immune cells with enhanced anti-tumor activity, such as NK cells or macrophages.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. cancer-causing mutations:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">In some cases, CRISPR can be used to directly correct genetic mutations that drive cancer development. This approach is still in its early stages but holds promise for cancers with well-defined genetic drivers. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Developing personalized cancer vaccines:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can be used to identify neoantigens, which are unique mutations present only in cancer cells. These neoantigens can then be used to create personalized cancer vaccines that stimulate the immune system to specifically target and destroy cancer cells. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Studying cancer biology and drug resistance:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">CRISPR is a powerful tool for studying the underlying mechanisms of cancer development and progression. It can be used to create cancer models with specific genetic alterations, allowing researchers to investigate the role of individual genes in cancer. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">CRISPR can also be used to study how cancer cells develop resistance to therapies, leading to the development of new strategies to overcome drug resistance. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Advances in Radiotherapy:</strong>&nbsp;</h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1</strong>. <strong>Precision Radiotherapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Improved tumor control:</strong> By precisely targeting the tumor, precision radiotherapy increases the chances of destroying all cancer cells while minimizing the risk of recurrence.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Reduced side effects:</strong> Sparing healthy tissues from unnecessary radiation exposure leads to fewer side effects, improving patients' quality of life during and after treatment. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp; <strong>Personalized treatment:</strong> Precision radiotherapy allows for tailoring treatment plans to each patient's specific needs and tumor characteristics, optimizing outcomes&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT):</strong> A more sophisticated form of 3D-CRT, IMRT further refines radiation delivery by adjusting the intensity of the beams within each field. This allows for even greater precision in targeting the tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding critical structures.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT):</strong> Incorporates real-time imaging (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound) during treatment to verify the tumor's position and make any necessary adjustments to ensure accurate targeting. This is particularly valuable for tumors that may move during treatment, such as those in the lungs or abdomen.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT):</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">A highly precise technique that delivers very high doses of radiation to small, well-defined tumors in a limited number of sessions. SBRT is often used for tumors that are difficult to reach surgically or for patients who are not candidates for surgery.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Proton Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Uses protons instead of X-rays to deliver radiation. Protons have the unique property of depositing most of their energy at a specific depth, allowing for even greater precision in targeting the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Proton therapy is particularly beneficial for tumors located near critical organs or in children, where minimizing long-term radiation effects is crucial.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Innovations in surgical oncology</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cancer surgery is constantly evolving, with new techniques and technologies emerging regularly. Here are some of the notable advancements and new trends in cancer surgery:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1</strong>.&nbsp;<strong>Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS):</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery:</strong> These techniques continue to expand their application across various cancer types. They involve smaller incisions, resulting in reduced pain, faster recovery, and shorter hospital stays. Robotic surgery, in particular, offers enhanced precision, dexterity, and visualization for surgeons.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Single-Port Surgery:</strong> A further refinement of MIS, this involves performing the entire surgery through a single, small incision, often hidden within the navel. This leads to even less scarring and potentially faster recovery.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES):</strong> This emerging technique accesses the abdominal cavity through natural orifices (e.g., mouth, vagina, rectum) instead of skin incisions, potentially leading to scarless surgery. It is still largely experimental but holds great promise.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Robotic Surgery Advancements:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Expanded Applications:</strong> Robotic surgery is becoming increasingly common in various cancers, including prostate, kidney, colorectal, gynecologic, head and neck, and thoracic cancers.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improved Technology:</strong> Newer robotic systems are becoming more sophisticated, offering improved imaging, smaller instruments, and greater flexibility.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Single-port robotic systems</strong> are also becoming more prevalent, further reducing the invasiveness of surgeries.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Haptic Feedback:</strong> Some newer systems incorporate haptic feedback, which allows surgeons to "feel" tissues and resistance, improving the tactile experience during surgery.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Image-Guided Surgery:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Intraoperative Imaging:</strong> Techniques like intraoperative ultrasound, MRI, and CT are used during surgery to provide real-time visualization of the tumor and surrounding structures, helping surgeons achieve more complete tumor removal and avoid damaging vital organs.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Fluorescence-Guided Surgery:</strong> This technique uses fluorescent dyes that accumulate in cancer cells, making them glow under specific light. This helps surgeons identify and remove cancerous tissue more accurately, including microscopic diseases that might otherwise be missed.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):</strong> AR and VR are being explored to overlay pre-operative imaging data onto the surgical field, providing surgeons with a 3D roadmap during the procedure.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Precision and Personalized Surgery:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Molecular Profiling:</strong> Analyzing the genetic and molecular makeup of a tumor helps tailor surgical approaches. For example, some tumors may be more amenable to certain types of surgery or may require a combination of surgery and other therapies like targeted therapy or immunotherapy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Neoadjuvant Therapy:</strong> Administering chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy&nbsp;<em>before</em> surgery can shrink the tumor, making it easier to remove completely and potentially improving outcomes. This is becoming increasingly common in various cancer types.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy:</strong> This technique identifies and removes the first lymph nodes that drain a tumor. If these nodes are cancer-free, it suggests the cancer hasn't spread, potentially sparing patients from more extensive lymph node removal and its associated side effects.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Other Innovations:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC):</strong> This technique involves delivering heated chemotherapy directly into the abdominal cavity during surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. It is primarily used for certain types of abdominal cancers, like peritoneal mesothelioma and some cases of ovarian and colorectal cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Electroporation:</strong> This involves using electrical pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing for more effective delivery of chemotherapy drugs or potentially destroying cancer cells directly (irreversible electroporation).</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Cryoablation and Radiofrequency Ablation:</strong> These techniques use extreme cold or heat, respectively, to destroy tumors. They may be used as alternatives to surgery for small tumors or for patients who are not surgical candidates.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Focus on Organ Preservation:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Partial Organ Removal:</strong> Whenever possible, surgeons aim to remove only the cancerous portion of an organ rather than the entire organ. This is becoming more common in kidney, liver, and lung cancers, among others.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Sphincter-Sparing Surgery:</strong> For rectal cancer, advances in surgical techniques and neoadjuvant therapy allow surgeons to preserve the anal sphincter in more cases, avoiding the need for a permanent colostomy.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Breakthroughs Offering New Hope</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The fight against cancer is witnessing remarkable progress, with innovations in treatment offering renewed hope and better outcomes. From precision medicine to revolutionary therapies, the future of oncology is more promising than ever before. As the research continues to push boundaries, access to advanced, personalized care becomes crucial.</p><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are committed to delivering <a href="https://amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/cardiac-sciences/amrita-cardio-oncology-clinic">world-class cancer treatment</a> with the latest technology and expert care. If you or a loved one seek compassionate and comprehensive cancer care, visit Amrita Hospital - where the latest technology in healthcare meets healing.</p>

Advances in Cancer Treatment

<p dir="ltr">Preventing birth defects is an important part of ensuring a healthy pregnancy. This requires a combination of preconception planning, prenatal care, and healthy lifestyle choices.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Here are key steps expectant mothers can take to promote a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of birth defects:</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Preconception Care</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Get a Preconception Checkup:</strong> Ideally, schedule a visit to your healthcare provider before trying to conceive. This will help identify and address any health issues that have the potential to adversely affect your pregnancy.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Optimize Your Health:</strong> Make sure to address chronic conditions (like diabetes or seizure disorder) before pregnancy, as these can increase the risk of birth defects.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Take Folic Acid</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Start Early:</strong> Begin taking folic acid supplements (400 to 800 micrograms per day) at least one month before conception and continue through the first trimester. Folic acid is critical in preventing neural tube defects such as spina bifida.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Maintain a Healthy Diet</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Balanced Nutrition:</strong> Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats to support fetal development.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid Certain Foods:</strong> Limit or avoid foods that may pose a risk during pregnancy, such as raw or undercooked meats, fish high in mercury, and unpasteurized dairy products.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Manage Chronic Conditions</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Monitor Health Conditions:</strong> Conditions like diabetes, obesity, and thyroid disorders can increase the risk of birth defects. Work with your healthcare provider to manage these before and during pregnancy.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>5.&nbsp;Get Regular Exercise</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stay Active Safely:</strong> Regular, moderate exercise can improve overall health, boost energy, and reduce the risk of complications. Always check with your healthcare provider to ensure your exercise plan is safe.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Avoid Harmful Substances</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>No Smoking or Vaping:</strong> Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Avoid smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke from those around you.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid Alcohol and Drugs:</strong> Both legal and illegal drugs can have harmful effects on the developing baby. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Even drugs which were prescribed to you by a medical practitioner before pregnancy may need to be altered or stopped before conception as they may be teratogenic to the developing fetus.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Limit Caffeine:</strong> Too much caffeine during pregnancy may be linked to low birth weight.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>7. Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccines</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pre-Pregnancy Vaccination:</strong> Certain vaccines, such as rubella and chickenpox, should be up-to-date before pregnancy as they help to avoid infection-related risks. Also, these vaccines cannot be taken after conception as they are not safe to be taken during pregnancy.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>During Pregnancy Vaccines:</strong> Flu and Tdap (whooping cough) vaccines are generally recommended during pregnancy to protect both the mother and baby.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>8. Avoid Environmental Hazards</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Limit Exposure to Toxic Chemicals:</strong> Avoid exposure to environmental toxins like pesticides, cleaning products, and lead.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Safe Workplace Practices:</strong> If your job exposes you to chemicals, radiation, or other hazards, talk to your doctor about ways to protect yourself and your baby.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>9. Take Prenatal Vitamins</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ensure Adequate Nutrients:</strong> Prenatal vitamins with essential nutrients like folic acid and DHA can help prevent birth defects and support overall fetal development.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>10. Regular Prenatal Care</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Routine Checkups:</strong> Early and regular prenatal visits are crucial for monitoring the health of both mother and baby. Tests like ultrasounds, blood screenings, and other prenatal screenings can detect potential birth defects early.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>11. Genetic Counseling</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>If You Have a Family History of Birth Defects:</strong> If you or your partner have a family history of birth defects, genetic counseling can help assess your risk and guide your decisions. A consultation with a pediatric geneticist will guide prenatal evaluation and planning for prenatal evaluation in the upcoming pregnancy</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How does the Srishti Center of Excellence in Fetal Care at Amrita Hospital help you to have a healthy pregnancy?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/department/centres-of-excellences/fetal-care">Center of Excellence in Fetal Care</a> at Amrita Hospital, Kochi will guide you through every step of your pregnancy journey from prenatal care onwards. Our dedicated team includes Perinatologists, Geneticists, Pediatric surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, and allied specialists committed to the prevention, early detection, and management of fetal birth defects to optimise perinatal and postnatal care.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Make sure to book your appointment with a fetal medicine specialist to learn more about the same.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Services offered:</strong></h3><p>Here are the services provided by Amrita Hospital Kochi, to have a healthy pregnancy -&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr"><br><strong>1)Fetal Medicine and Perinatology</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Level II and III antenatal scans</li><li dir="ltr">3D and 4D scans</li><li dir="ltr">Amniocentesis, CVS, fetal blood and urine sampling</li><li dir="ltr">Aneuploidy and preeclampsia screening</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2) Fetal Cardiology</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Advanced echocardiography with 4D imaging</li><li dir="ltr">Counselling for congenital cardiac issues</li><li dir="ltr">In-utero interventions and postnatal care</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3) Fetal genetics</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Prenatal screening, including non-invasive testing</li><li dir="ltr">Counselling for genetic anomalies</li><li dir="ltr">Enzyme replacement therapies for certain conditions</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4)Fetal surgery</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Open fetal surgeries and fetoscopic laser procedures</li><li dir="ltr">EXIT procedures and treatments</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5)Others</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Fetal MRI</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced ultrasound diagnostic tools for precise evaluations</li><li dir="ltr">Top notch pathology and cytogenetics lab for precise diagnosis</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">By taking these proactive steps, expectant mothers can help reduce the risk of birth defects and promote a healthy pregnancy and baby. In the event of detection of a birth defect, early detection, testing, and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.&nbsp;</p>

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