Uterine cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers affecting women worldwide. It develops when abnormal cells in the uterus grow uncontrollably, often leading to a range of symptoms, from abnormal bleeding to pelvic pain. At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, we are dedicated to providing world-class care for women diagnosed with uterine cancer, combining the expertise of our Gynecologic Oncology and Radiation Oncology departments to deliver comprehensive treatment plans tailored to each patient’s needs.

What is Uterine Cancer?

Uterine cancer refers to cancers that develop in the uterus, a vital organ in the female reproductive system. The most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, which begins in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). Less common is uterine sarcoma, which starts in the muscle tissue of the uterus (myometrium). While uterine cancer can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in postmenopausal women.

Signs and Symptoms of Uterine Cancer

Early detection plays a crucial role in effective treatment outcomes. The most common symptom of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly after menopause. Other symptoms to watch out for include:

• Heavier than usual periods or changes in menstrual patterns
• Vaginal bleeding between periods
• Prolonged periods without breaks
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Difficulty urinating or changes in bowel habits
• Unexplained weight loss

If any of these symptoms persist, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly for diagnosis.

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause of uterine cancer remains unclear, several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the condition. These include:

• Age: Uterine cancer is most common in women over 50, especially after menopause.
• Hormonal Imbalance: Estrogen exposure without progesterone, as seen in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or long-term use of unopposed estrogen therapy.
• Obesity: Excess fat tissue increases estrogen levels, which can promote the growth of uterine cancer cells.
• Family History: A family history of uterine, ovarian, or colorectal cancer can increase the risk, particularly with genetic conditions like Lynch syndrome.
• Diabetes: Diabetes, often linked to obesity, has been identified as a significant risk factor.

At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our Gynecologic Oncology department is dedicated to assessing and managing these risk factors, offering preventive care through screenings, genetic counseling, and lifestyle recommendations.

Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer

If uterine cancer is suspected, early diagnosis is essential. The following diagnostic methods are typically used to confirm the condition:

• Physical Examination: A pelvic exam helps detect abnormalities in the uterus or cervix.
• Pelvic Ultrasound: Both transvaginal and abdominal ultrasounds are used to create images of the uterus and detect abnormalities.
• Endometrial Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing tissue from the lining of the uterus to test for cancerous cells.
• Hysteroscopy: A procedure where a thin camera is inserted into the uterus to visualize the area directly.
• CT and MRI Scans: Imaging tests are performed to check if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment for Uterine Cancer at Amrita Hospital, Kochi

At Amrita Hospital, Kochi, our Gynecologic Oncology and Radiation Oncology departments offer treatments for uterine cancer. The treatment plan is personalized for each patient based on factors such as cancer stage, overall health, and fertility considerations.

We utilize advanced diagnostic tools and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

1. Surgical Treatment (Hysterectomy)

Surgery is the most common treatment for uterine cancer. A hysterectomy involves the removal of the uterus and may also include removal of the cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. If the cancer has spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes may also be removed.

Depending on the extent of the cancer, the procedure may be performed via traditional surgery (laparotomy) or minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic surgery or robotic surgery. Our Gynecologic Oncology department is equipped with the latest surgical technologies, including robotic-assisted surgery, which offers benefits such as shorter recovery times, reduced scarring, and improved precision.

2. Radiation Therapy (Radiotherapy)

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It is often used after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer returning. We offer both external beam radiation and brachytherapy.

• External Beam Radiation: This method uses a machine to direct radiation at the tumor from outside the body.
• Brachytherapy: This is an internal radiation treatment where radioactive material is placed inside the uterus to target the cancer cells directly.

In certain cases, palliative radiation may also be used to manage symptoms and improve the patient’s quality of life.

3. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is often used for advanced uterine cancer or if the cancer has spread to other areas. It uses drugs to destroy cancer cells or stop their growth. Chemotherapy is typically administered intravenously and may be combined with other therapies for better outcomes.

4. Hormone Therapy

For hormone receptor-positive uterine cancer, hormone therapy may be used to block or reduce the production of estrogen, which can fuel cancer growth. Progesterone is the most commonly used hormone therapy, and it can help reduce the size of the tumor and prevent further growth.

5. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. There are immunotherapy treatments, including Pembrolizumab, which can be combined with targeted therapy to treat advanced uterine cancer.

6. Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves the use of medications that target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth. For patients with advanced uterine cancer, Lenvatinib is a targeted therapy drug that can be used in combination with immunotherapy to improve treatment outcomes.

Multidisciplinary Tumor Board and Personalized Care

We take a multidisciplinary approach to uterine cancer treatment. Each patient’s case is discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board, which includes a team of experts from various specialties, such as:

• Gynecologic Oncologists: Specializing in cancers of the female reproductive organs.
• Medical Oncologists: Experts in chemotherapy and other drug-based treatments.
• Radiation Oncologists: Experts in radiation therapy for targeted cancer treatment.
• Pathologists: Specialists in analyzing tissue samples to provide accurate diagnoses.
• Genetic Counselors: Offering genetic testing and counseling for family risk assessments.

This collaborative approach ensures that every patient receives the most effective and comprehensive treatment available.

Palliative Care and Supportive Services

For patients with advanced uterine cancer, palliative care is an important aspect of the treatment plan. Our Pain and Palliative Care Team at Amrita Hospital provides support to manage pain, alleviate symptoms, and improve the overall quality of life. This team works closely with patients and families to provide compassionate care tailored to their needs.

Genetic Counseling and Preventive Oncology

Understanding your genetic risks can play a crucial role in early detection and prevention of uterine cancer. Genetic counseling at Amrita Hospital allows patients to assess their risk of developing uterine cancer through modern genetic tests, including BRCA mutations. Women with genetic predispositions to cancer can take preventive steps, such as early screenings or lifestyle changes, to reduce their cancer risk.

Uterine cancer is a serious condition, but early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. If you experience symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or changes in menstrual cycles, it’s important to consult with a gynecologist promptly.

For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact at - 0484-6683030, 0484-2853030.