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One of the most common cancers in men worldwide, prostate cancer can range in behaviour from aggressive tumours that spread swiftly to slow-growing tumours. For this reason, precise imaging is essential for diagnosis, staging, and treatment selection.Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), a protein present on prostate cancer cells, is the target of the PSMA PET-CT scan, a cutting-edge imaging method. This scan carries higher sensitivity than traditional Bone scan and thus can detect lesions earlier by combining PET and CT technologies.PSMA PET scan is now being widely adopted in hospitals and cancer care across the globe and this state of the art facility is available at Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India. PSMA PET-CT scan is transforming how prostate cancer is diagnosed and managed.<h3>How the PSMA PET-CT Scan Works</h3>To understand how a PSMA PET-CT scan works, it’s important to know what PSMA or Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen is. PSMA is a protein that is present on the surface of prostate cancer cells in high amounts, with the highest accumulation on aggressive or advanced prostate cancer cells. Due to this fact, it is a great target for imaging, since cancer cells will “light up” in the presence of PSMA.The scan utilises special radiotracers, typically Gallium-68 or Fluorine-18 (F-18), injected into a patient's bloodstream. These tracers are designed to bind specifically to PSMA proteins in the body. After they bind, a PET scanner detects the radiation signal given off by the tracer, while the CT scan provides detailed anatomical images. This allows doctors to see exactly where the cancer is located, even in small or previously undetectable areas.<h3>Step-by-step: How the scan is performed</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Preparation: Patients may need to hydrate and abstain from eating for a few hours before the scan. Most of the time, little or no preparation is required.</li><li dir="ltr">Radiotracer Injection:&nbsp;Before a scan is performed, a small amount of Gallium-68 or F-18 radiotracer is injected into a vein, usually in the arm.</li><li dir="ltr">Waiting to Scan: After injection of the tracer, the patient is allowed to circulate the tracer so that it can bind to any PSMA-expressing cancer cells (typically 45–60 minutes).</li><li dir="ltr">Scanning:&nbsp;The last phase of preparation is for the patient to lie on a table that will move into the combined PET-CT scanner. The scan usually takes 20–40 minutes.</li><li dir="ltr">Results:&nbsp;A nuclear medicine specialist, who is trained in interpreting PSMA PET-CT scans, will review the images.</li></ul>This targeted, highly sensitive approach is why PSMA PET-CT is a powerful method of detecting both primary and metastatic prostate cancer.<h2 dir="ltr">Advantages of PSMA PET-CT Over Traditional Imaging</h2>When comparing PSMA PET-CT scans to those of conventional imaging tools such as MRI, CT, or bone scans, PSMA PET-CT offers significant advantages, especially in prostate cancer detection and staging:<ul><li dir="ltr">Higher Sensitivity and Specificity PSMA PET-CT can detect cancer cells with greater accuracy, even when PSA levels are low, which stands as a limitation for many traditional scans. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Earlier Detection of Recurrence It can identify small metastases and early signs of cancer returning before they become visible on MRI or bone scans. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">More Comprehensive Imaging It combines molecular and anatomical imaging, giving a detailed picture of the entire body in one scan. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Less Invasive Requires only a small radiotracer injection with no need for biopsy or invasive procedures. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Targeted Imaging Specifically highlights PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells, offering precise localisation of tumours. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Improved Treatment Planning Enables more accurate staging and helps clinicians choose the most effective treatment strategy — surgery, radiation, or systemic therapy. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Fewer False Positives/Negatives Reduces uncertainty thus minimising unnecessary treatments or delayed interventions. &nbsp;</li></ul>These benefits make&nbsp;PSMA PET-CT one of the best imaging options for prostate cancer, especially for men with&nbsp;suspected recurrence or unclear results from previous scans.<h2 dir="ltr">Role of PSMA PET-CT in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment</h2>The PSMA PET-CT scan can discriminate the precise location of the cancer, and whether it is indeed localised or already metastatic. Once the rare isotope (Gallium or Lutetium) of PSMA PET-CT is injected, even microscopic aggregates of cancer cells are evaluated to determine whether or not they are confined to the prostate, lymph nodes or have moved to distant sites. This is instrumental for the clinician to know precisely how extensive the disease is at diagnosis or upon recurrence.The precision of detail offered is invaluable for tailoring individualised treatment approaches.For example:<ul><li dir="ltr">If the scan demonstrates that the tumour is localised at diagnosis, and the prostate cancer is the primary site of disease, the patient is very likely a candidate for Robotic Radical Prostatectomy or&nbsp; radiation therapy directed at the prostate.</li><li dir="ltr">On the other hand, if a metastasis has been identified earlier at recurrence, systemic therapies such as Hormone Therapy (HT) or Chemotherapy (CT) would be initiated.</li><li dir="ltr">In some instances, it may also assist in the event of focal-directed therapies that only treat the localised (focal) area, while also preserving some normal or healthy tissues in other regions.</li></ul>Furthermore, the scan gives a real-time representation mapping of prostate cancer overall for a patient, which is directly correlated to precision medicine, so there is not only the effectiveness of the treatment, but also their individual cancer profile, which is critical.&nbsp;In closing, PSMA PET-CT is helping transform prostate cancer care as it is allowing deeper diagnostic visibility.<h2 dir="ltr">Monitoring Recurrence After Prostate Cancer Treatment</h2>After prostate cancer treatment, one of the biggest challenges is detecting cancer recurrence early, especially when PSA levels begin to rise but conventional imaging shows no signs of the disease. This is where PSMA PET-CT scans have emerged as a more sensitive modality in identifying biochemical recurrence, a rise in PSA without visible tumours.PSMA PET-CT is highly sensitive and can detect even minute traces of prostate cancer cells that may have escaped earlier treatment. Its ability to pinpoint recurrence, even at very low PSA levels, makes it far more effective than traditional scans in guiding the next steps of care.Importantly, the scan plays a crucial role in planning salvage therapy, helping doctors decide whether to proceed with targeted radiation, surgery, or systemic treatment based on exactly where the cancer has returned. This personalized approach leads to better outcomes and avoids unnecessary or ineffective treatments.In short, PSMA PET-CT offers peace of mind for patients and physicians alike by ensuring that any signs of cancer returning are caught and addressed as early and accurately as possible.<h2 dir="ltr">Clinical Evidence and Endorsements</h2>The clinical success of PSMA PET-CT scan is supported by extensive research and growing endorsement from leading health organisations. Multiple clinical trials, including the ones sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), have demonstrated its superior diagnostic performance over conventional imaging methods for prostate cancer.One of the most influential studies, the pro PSMA trial (Hofman et al., Lancet, 2020), found that PSMA PET-CT had 27 per cent greater accuracy in staging high-risk prostate cancer compared to standard imaging. The trial also noted significantly fewer ambiguous results and a lower radiation dose to the patient.In recognition of these outcomes, the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several PSMA-targeted radiotracers, including Gallium-68 PSMA-11 and F-18 DCFPyL, for use in PET imaging of prostate cancer. According to the NCI, PSMA PET imaging is now a recommended tool for staging and evaluating recurrent disease due to its high sensitivity and specificity.Moreover, PSMA PET-CT&nbsp; is now also being widely adopted by cancer centres across the U.S, Europe, and Australia, marking a major shift in how prostate cancer is diagnosed and managed. Institutions such as the <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/">Mayo Clinic</a>, <a href="https://www.mdanderson.org/">MD Anderson</a>, and <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/">UCLA</a> have incorporated PSMA PET-CT into their routine practice, which further validates its clinical utility.All the above stated bring us to the inference that the evidence is compelling - PSMA PET-CT is not just clinically validated. It is also endorsed by some of the world’s most respected cancer research and treatment institutions, positioning the procedure as the new gold standard in the imaging of prostate cancer.<h2 dir="ltr">What Patients Can Expect from a PSMA PET-CT Scan</h2>If the doctor has recommended a PSMA PET-CT scan, knowing what to expect can help ease your anxiety. The procedure is safe, painless, and typically completed within a couple of hours.<h4 dir="ltr">Before the Scan</h4><ul><li dir="ltr">You may be asked to fast for 4–6 hours before the procedure. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Drinking water is encouraged to stay hydrated. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Let your doctor know about any medications or health conditions beforehand. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">No special preparations are usually needed beyond these steps. &nbsp;</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr">During the Scan</h4><ol><li dir="ltr">A small amount of radioactive tracer (like Gallium-68 or F-18) will be injected into a vein in your arm. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">You’ll wait 45–60 minutes to allow the tracer to circulate and bind to prostate cancer cells. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">You’ll then lie on a scanning table, which slowly moves through the PET-CT scanner. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">The scan takes about 30 minutes, and you’ll need to stay still during imaging. &nbsp;</li></ol><h4 dir="ltr">After the Scan</h4><ul><li dir="ltr">You can resume normal activities immediately. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Drink plenty of fluids to help flush the tracer out of your system. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Side effects are rare, but mild discomfort at the injection site may occur. &nbsp;</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr">Is PSMA PET-CT Safe?</h4>Yes, the scan is considered safe. It uses a low dose of radiation and has a strong safety record. The benefits of accurate cancer detection outweigh the minimal risks involved.<h2 dir="ltr">The Value of PSMA PET-CT in Modern Prostate Cancer Care&nbsp;</h2>As we have already understood, the PSMA PET-CT scan has revolutionised how health care facilities detect, stage and manage prostate cancer. With its ability to identify cancer cells with remarkable accuracy, even at low PSA levels, it offers a powerful edge over traditional imaging techniques.From the very initial stage of guiding treatment to monitoring recurrence, the PSMA PET-CT scan has become an essential part of modern prostate care. If you or a loved one is facing a prostate cancer diagnosis, it’s important to explore the most advanced diagnostic options available.<h2 dir="ltr">Take the Next Step at Amrita Cancer Care, Faridabad</h2>At Amrita Cancer Care, Faridabad, we offer state-of-the-art PSMA PET-CT scanning as a part of our comprehensive prostate cancer care. Backed by <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/centres-of-excellences/renal-sciences/urology">expert Uro-Oncologists</a>, advanced technology, and compassionate care, we are here to support you every step of the way.Book a consultation today and take control of your prostate health with confidence. Visit&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad">https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad</a>Or call us at 1800 425 1999 to schedule your appointment.<h2 dir="ltr">FAQs&nbsp;</h2>Q1: What makes PSMA PET-CT different from a regular PET scan?A regular PET scan uses tracers that detect general cancer activity, while PSMA PET-CT specifically targets PSMA protein, which is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells, hence making it more accurate for prostate cancer.Q2: How accurate is PSMA PET for prostate cancer? Studies show PSMA PET-CT has a detection rate of over&nbsp;85–95%, especially in cases of recurrence or low PSA levels.Q3: Is PSMA PET-CT covered by insurance? Coverage varies by region and insurance plan. Some policies may cover it for staging or recurrence; prior authorisation is usually required.Q4: When is a PSMA PET-CT scan recommended? It is recommended for the initial staging of high-risk prostate cancer, evaluating biochemical recurrence, or assessing treatment response in advanced cases.&nbsp;

PSMA PET-CT Scan: A Breakthrough in Prostate Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis

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BRCA and HRR Testing in Prostate CancerBRCA and HRR genes are crucial in DNA repair, helping to prevent genetic mutations that can lead to cancer. Mutations in these genes can significantly increase the risk of developing various cancers, including prostate cancer.BRCA and HRR testing involves analyzing a patient's DNA for mutations in these genes. This testing is particularly important for:<ul><li dir="ltr">Men with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer: Women with these cancers often have mutations in BRCA genes, which can also increase the risk of prostate cancer in male family members.</li><li dir="ltr">Men diagnosed with prostate cancer at a young age: Prostate cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 is often associated with inherited genetic factors, including mutations in BRCA and HRR genes.</li></ul>The significance of BRCA and HRR testing in prostate cancer includes:<ul><li dir="ltr">Risk assessment: Identifying mutations in these genes can help assess an individual's risk of developing prostate cancer, allowing for more targeted screening and prevention strategies.</li><li dir="ltr">Treatment guidance: Understanding the genetic basis of prostate cancer can help guide treatment decisions. For example, certain targeted therapies may be more effective for patients with specific genetic mutations.</li><li dir="ltr">Prognosis prediction: Genetic testing can provide insights into the potential aggressiveness of a prostate cancer, helping to predict the likelihood of recurrence or spread.</li></ul>In conclusion, BRCA and HRR testing play a crucial role in the management of prostate cancer, providing valuable information for risk assessment, treatment planning, and prognosis prediction. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What is the significance of BRCA and HRR testing in Ca Prostate?

Have you ever experienced waking up suddenly from a deep sleep, struggling to catch your breath? This can be due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea! Obstructive Sleep apnea is one of the most commonly experienced sleep-related breathing disorders. People with Obstructive Sleep Apnea, widely referred to as OSA, tend to have their throat muscles contract and block the oesophagus, blocking the respiratory tract and further affecting the respiratory circuit. This leads to a lack of sleep and hence further complications. It is essential to address this medical condition as prolonged OSA can lead to further health complications.&nbsp;Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a serious health condition as untreated OSA can lead to further life-threatening complications such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, diabetes, chronic fatigue, liver problems, weakened immune system, depression, and anxiety!&nbsp;Some initial symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, headaches, and fatigue. If you are suffering from any of these symptoms and suspect that you have OSA, consult with a doctor to get a proper diagnosis. Early medical assistance can help improve your condition and prevent complications related to Obstructive Sleep Apnea.<h2 dir="ltr">What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?</h2>Obstructive Sleep Apnea, commonly called OSA, occurs when your airway gets obstructed during sleep. As you sleep, all the muscles in your body begin to relax. This is a normal part of the sleep cycle and helps your body rest and recover. Naturally, the muscles in your throat relax as a part of this process. However, in the case of a person who experiences OSA, the throat muscles relax extensively, leading the soft tissues to partially or completely block the windpipe. This phenomenon interrupts the respiratory process. The brain detects the lack of oxygen and wakes you up for a short span so your muscles contract and this in turn restores natural breathing. However, these awakenings may go unnoticed as it is only for a short period of time but over a while these continuous disruptions can build up to cause further health complications.&nbsp;The question arises of how OSA can be differentiated from other natural phenomena such as snoring. Snoring is a natural and harmless occurrence caused by the vibration of the relaxed throat muscles as air passes through them. OSA entails louder and more frequent bouts of snores, causing the person to wake up frequently to restore natural breathing. Other sleep disruptions can occur due to stress, lifestyle, or further medical conditions but none of them typically interrupt your breathing as OSA does.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea</h2>It can be troubling to distinguish the symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea as most of them overlap with commonly occurring phenomena. However, let us take a closer look at the key symptoms of OSA by distinguishing them into day-time and night-time OSANight-time Symptoms<ul><li dir="ltr">Loud Snoring with uneven pauses</li><li dir="ltr">Restless Sleep&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Choking / Grasping for Air</li><li dir="ltr">Heavy Pauses of Breath</li><li dir="ltr">Dry Mouth&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Sore Throat</li><li dir="ltr">Nocturia&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Excessive sweating&nbsp;</li></ul>Day-time Symptoms<ul><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Headaches</li><li dir="ltr">Brain-fog</li><li dir="ltr">Abruptive Mood Changes</li><li dir="ltr">Drowsiness</li></ul>Additional Symptoms&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Hypertension due to increased blood pressure, brought upon by lack of oxygen during sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Weight gain caused by disruptions in metabolic processes due to unrestful sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Decreased libido due to fatigue and drowsiness.</li></ul>If you observe any of these symptoms in you or someone you know, please consider getting a consultation as OSA can lead to further health conditions if not treated early.<h2 dir="ltr">Causes and Risk Factors</h2>Factors that cause OSAThe root cause of OSA is the obstruction of the upper section windpipe brought about by the extensive relaxation of soft muscle tissues in the throat. However, there are multiple other anatomical and biological elements that can cause OSA and can vary from person to person.Even a simple move such as sleeping on your back can cause obstruction of the airway by the tongue as well as other muscles which droop down due to gravity.&nbsp; According to a study conducted by the National Library of Medicine and Biotech Information, sleeping on your right side can heavily lessen the occurrence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In the case of people who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, sleeping on the left side can prove to be the solution for their OSA. Sleeping on your side is therefore highly recommended to decrease OSA if you are experiencing it. In any sleep position, it is advised to elevate your head and to keep your neck and spine aligned.&nbsp;A person who suffers from Obesity can have excessive amounts of fats around their neck. This can lead to OSA as the fat around their throat can obstruct their windpipe during sleep. Even enlarged tonsils caused by infections or allergies can block the windpipe and cause OSA. Some people are born with the genetic disadvantage of a narrow airway, they are naturally prone to OSA. Factors such as a smaller chin and receding jaw can also result in obstruction of the windpipe, leading to OSA.Muscle tones can falter due to old age and this can increase the risk of OSA in golden agers.&nbsp;Consumption of alcohol can contribute to the extensive relaxation of throat muscles further increasing the likelihood of OSA. Even smoking can cause inflammation of the upper airway, increasing the chances of OSA.Risk Factors&nbsp;As we have gone through the factors that can lead to OSA, it is easy to infer that anyone can develop OSA, but certain elements can heighten this medical situation:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Obesity</li><li dir="ltr">Smoking&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Consumption of Alcohol</li><li dir="ltr">Diabetes</li><li dir="ltr">Asthma&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Nasal Congestion</li><li dir="ltr">Hypertension</li><li dir="ltr">Old-age</li><li dir="ltr">Hereditary Obstructive Sleep Apnea</li><li dir="ltr">Genetical Abnormalities - Narrow Windpipe</li><li dir="ltr">Sleep position</li><li dir="ltr">Irregular sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Hyperthyroidism</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal imbalances</li></ul>Some risk factors that cause OSA are inevitable and beyond our power to control, such as hereditary OSA and genetic abnormalities. However, smoking, consumption of alcohol and obesity are something we have power over. Addressing these factors appropriately can significantly lessen the occurrence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea&nbsp;</h2>Obstructive Sleep Apnea can be diagnosed by a certified healthcare professional such as a Sleep Specialist, <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/doctors/pulmonary-medicine">Pulmonologist</a>, <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/speciality-departments/ent">ENT Specialist</a>, <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/doctors/neurosciences">Neurologist </a>or Respiratory Therapist.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Steps in Diagnostic Evaluation</h3>The initial assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea includes talking with the medical professional. This discussion can include the patient’s full medical history and other health factors that may contribute to OSA. The medical professional may ask you about your sleeping habits, how often you sleep and your sleep hours, how often you wake up in the middle of the night, and whether you feel satisfied with your sleep in the morning. They may also enquire about your snoring!&nbsp;The doctor will enquire if you are suffering from any of the day-time symptoms of OSA such as fatigue, drowsiness, or headaches. They will also review your existing medical conditions, if any, to infer a proper diagnosis.&nbsp;If you have a partner or a parent (in a child’s case) accompanying you to the doctor’s, they can help the doctor in diagnosing OSA by sharing their observations whether you’re snoring extensively or waking up with bouts of breathlessness. Sleep Questionnaire is another method that healthcare professionals use to obtain accurate data from patients, they can infer the severity of the OSA.&nbsp;<h4 dir="ltr">Physical Examination for OSA</h4>The physical examination for OSA includes a thorough examination of your neck, throat and mouth. This is to check for any anatomical factors that can be causing the OSA such as a narrow windpipe. Enlarged tonsils, deviated septum or nasal congestion are some other factors that the doctor may be checking for.&nbsp;<h4 dir="ltr">Diagnostic tests for OSA</h4>To finalize the diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea, there are 2 major tests that can be conducted:Polysomnography: Polysomnography or PSG is an overnight sleep study conducted at a certified sleep center or medical facility where sleep technicians monitor your brain activity, oxygen levels, heart rates, and breathing during your sleep. PSG extracts multiple measurements so as to diagnose OSA. These include EEG, EMG, EOG ECG/EKG, airflow sensors, Respiratory Effort Belts, Pulse oximeters, leg movement sensors and finally video and audio monitors.&nbsp;&nbsp;Home Sleep Apnea Test: Commonly referred to as HSAT, Home Sleep Apnea Test is a simple test taken at home where you can monitor your breathing and oxygen levels using sensors. The HSAT kit can be obtained from the doctor or the clinic where the diagnosis is taking place. The HSAT KTI will include a thermistor, an oximeter, a chest belt, and other sensors.&nbsp;Based on the results of these assessments, the healthcare professional will conclude whether or not you are suffering from Obstructive Sleep Apnea and initiate the treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment for OSA can help prevent further health complications.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Difference Between Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea&nbsp;</h2>CSA or Central Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder caused by a neurological disconnection between the brain and the body. As you fall asleep, your breathing becomes shallow and much calmer compared to when you are awake and active. However, in people who suffer from CSA, their brains will temporarily stop communicating with the muscles that are responsible for respiratory actions. This means the person suffering from CSA will stop breathing in their sleep and their brain will wake them up to restart normal breathing. These respiratory interruptions can last from several seconds to even a minute and can occur multiple times throughout the sleeping period.&nbsp;Unlike OSA, which is caused by physical obstruction, CSA is a neurological matter and is an even more serious health condition as it affects and strains the heart, leading to further cardiovascular problems.&nbsp;Some of the key symptoms of Central Sleep Apnea include:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Pauses of breath during sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Drowsiness / Daytime sleepiness</li><li dir="ltr">Headaches</li><li dir="ltr">Lack of focus due to poor sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Insomnia&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Loud snores</li><li dir="ltr">Shallow breathing&nbsp;</li></ul>CSA is not considered as a medical emergency. However, it can be a serious condition if left untreated, especially for your heart. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect you are suffering from Central Sleep Apnea and get proper medical help.<h2 dir="ltr">How Common is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?&nbsp;</h2>According to statistics, over 1 billion people suffer from Obstructive Sleep Apnea worldwide. The study inferred that the chance of developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea increases with age, especially in the middle-age bracket. OSA was found to be common in men, nearly double the rates compared to women, but OSA was also found prevalent in women after menopause.&nbsp;About 1-10% of children suffer from OSA. In younger children, OSA arose from factors such as enlarged tonsils or enlarged adenoids triggered by allergies or infections. Children may not show drowsiness or sleepiness if they are suffering from OSA, they may show signs of hyperactivity and restlessness.&nbsp;Geographically, regions such as North America and Europe reported higher rates of OSA, this was deduced to arise from their sedentary lifestyle factors, mainly obesity.&nbsp;Normalisation of poor sleep habits and obesity have become significant factors in the rise of OSA. Especially in the case of middle-aged individuals, who experience reduced muscle tones in addition to increased fat deposits. Limited physical activity in addition to poor sleep and unhealthy food becomes the ultimate gateway for OSA.&nbsp;In the case of a country like India, Obstructive Sleep Apnea goes undiagnosed due to several major factors. Mainly due to a lack of awareness of OSA and a lack of healthcare resources and personnel. Obesity has become a growing concern in the country and acts as a contributor to the growth of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the population. Childhood obesity is also linked as a major factor in the case of OSA in younger children in the nation.&nbsp;Addressing the phenomenon of OSA by addressing obesity is a major way to prevent and manage the medical condition. Targeting weight management and promoting a healthier lifestyle that includes eating healthy and the integration of proper workouts can significantly help in the reduction of OSA.&nbsp; In conclusion, the earlier you diagnose OSA, the easier it is to treat and bring stoppage to further life-threatening conditions. Public health campaigns regarding Obstructive Sleep Apnea can bring more attention to the condition and help reduce the prevalence of the medical condition.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevalence

<h2>What is Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer and what investigations aid in making such a diagnosis?&nbsp;</h2>Clinically significant prostate cancer is a term used to describe prostate cancer that is likely to cause symptoms or spread to other parts of the body. While not all prostate cancers are clinically significant, those that are can significantly impact a patient's quality of life.<h3>Several investigations can aid in the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer, including:</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) Test: An elevated PSA level can be an indicator of prostate cancer, but it's important to note that other factors can also raise PSA levels.</li><li dir="ltr">Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical examination where the doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to assess its size and consistency.</li><li dir="ltr">MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI can provide detailed images of the prostate gland, helping to identify suspicious areas and assess the extent of any tumor growth.</li><li dir="ltr">Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from the prostate and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.</li><li dir="ltr">Gleason Score: This scoring system is used to assess the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells based on their microscopic appearance. A higher Gleason score generally indicates a more aggressive cancer.</li></ul>Genetic testing plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and management of clinically significant prostate cancer. By analyzing a patient's DNA, genetic testing can identify inherited mutations that may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.<h3>Some of the benefits of genetic testing for prostate cancer include:</h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Risk assessment: Genetic testing can help identify individuals at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer, allowing for earlier screening and intervention.</li><li dir="ltr">Treatment guidance: Genetic information can inform treatment decisions, helping to select therapies that are more likely to be effective for a particular patient.</li><li dir="ltr">Prognosis prediction: Genetic testing can provide insights into the potential aggressiveness of a prostate cancer, helping to predict the likelihood of recurrence or spread.</li></ul>In combination with other diagnostic tests, genetic testing can provide valuable information for the diagnosis and management of clinically significant prostate cancer.&nbsp;

What is Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer? 

Breast cancer remains one of the most common forms of cancer affecting women worldwide. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes, making it vital for everyone to understand and recognise the initial signs and symptoms. Though the statistics can be daunting, early identification significantly increases the chances of successful treatment.Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, is committed to empowering women with knowledge and promoting early detection of breast cancer. In this blog, we aim to educate readers about the various signs of breast cancer, enabling them to seek timely medical intervention when necessary. &nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Understanding Breast Cancer</h2>&nbsp;Breast cancer, like every other form of cancer, arises when cells in the breast tissue grow abnormally and uncontrollably, often forming a tumour. While both men and women can be diagnosed with breast cancer, it’s far more prevalent in women. There are several types of breast cancer, which are typically categorised based on where the cancer originates in the breast tissue. The two primary regions where breast cancer may begin are the milk ducts (ductal carcinoma) and lobules (lobular carcinoma), although it can also affect other parts of the breast.&nbsp;While certain risk factors like age, genetics, and family history are beyond an individual’s control, lifestyle choices also play a role. Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and limiting alcohol consumption may help reduce the risk. For those with high genetic risk and gene mutations, preventive measures, including more frequent screenings or prophylactic surgery, may be considered.Breast cancer can range from non-invasive (cancer cells remain in their original location) to invasive (cancer cells spread to surrounding tissues). It is essential to recognise the early signs and symptoms to ensure early diagnosis and treatment. The cancer’s location, type, and stage influence which symptoms appear first and how they progress. While some symptoms may be obvious, others can be subtle and easily overlooked, making regular self-examination and professional screening essential for early identification. &nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Common Early Symptoms of Breast Cancer</h2>While symptoms can vary from person to person, some of the most common early signs of breast cancer include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Lump in the Breast or Underarm: One of the most recognised early signs of breast cancer is the presence of a lump in the breast or underarm. Formation of new lumps or masses in the breast or underarm, particularly if it feels firm, irregular, and fixed, can be a cause for concern.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in Breast Size or Shape: Another common early sign is the change in the size or shape of the breasts. If one breast appears to be larger, swollen, or shaped differently than usual, this may be an indication of breast cancer. It is particularly important to monitor for these changes if they are not related to the menstrual cycle, weight changes, or other common factors.</li><li dir="ltr">Skin Changes on the Breast:&nbsp;Skin changes on the breast, such as dimpling or puckering, can be an early symptom of breast cancer. This condition is often compared to the orange peel (peau d’orange) due to the similarity in texture.</li><li dir="ltr">Nipple Changes: Nipple retraction (nipple turning inwards) or discharge, particularly if it is bloody or clear and not associated with breastfeeding, can be a sign of breast cancer. Other changes, such as redness, scaling, or crusting, may also signal an underlying issue.</li><li dir="ltr">Breast or Nipple Pain:&nbsp;While breast pain isn’t a typical symptom of breast cancer, persistent pain in specific areas of the breast can be a cause for concern.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Swelling or Unexplained Thickening: Swelling or thickening of part of the breast, even if no lump is felt, can be an indication of breast cancer. These should not be ignored, especially if it does not go away over time.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in Skin or Nipple Appearance: Any changes in the appearance of the skin or nipple, such as redness, scaling, or dimpling, can be an indication of the suppressed issue. Breast cancer can sometimes cause the skin to look different or feel thicker than usual.&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Signs and Symptoms to Look for with Different Types of Breast Cancer</h2>Breast cancer can manifest differently depending on the type. While the above symptoms overlap between forms, some specific signs may be associated with different types of breast cancer.<ul><li dir="ltr">Ductal Carcinoma: This is the most common type of breast cancer, originating in the milk ducts of the breast. Early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may not cause noticeable symptoms but can sometimes present with a small lump or calcifications that are detected on a mammogram. It may also be present with clear or bloody nipple discharge. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Lobular Carcinoma:&nbsp;Lobular carcinoma&nbsp;originates in the milk-producing lobules of the breast. However, Lobular carcinoma may present with lump in breast or&nbsp; can be more challenging to detect than other types because it often does not form a distinct lump. Individuals may notice general thickening or fullness in one area of the breast, accompanied by changes in texture or size. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Invasive Breast Cancer: It refers to the cancer that has spread beyond the milk ducts or lobules. Invasive breast cancer causes a variety of symptoms, including the formation of a lump, changes in breast shape, skin dimpling, and nipple retraction. As the cancer spreads, it may affect surrounding lymph nodes, causing swelling in the underarm or collarbone. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Metastatic Breast Cancer: Also known as stage IV breast cancer, this type of cancer occurs when cancer cells spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body. Symptoms of metastatic breast cancer can vary depending on the organs involved but may include bone pain, weight loss, shortness of breath, and headaches. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A more aggressive form of breast cancer that does not have receptors for oestrogen, progesterone, or HER2/neu. Symptoms may develop rapidly, including a lump, changes in breast size, nipple inversion, and skin changes. Due to its aggressive nature, triple-negative breast cancer often requires prompt treatment. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Inflammatory Breast Cancer: This is a rare and aggressive type of breast cancer that blocks lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, and thickening of the skin, which may resemble an infection or inflammation. Once these symptoms arise, it’s crucial to seek medical help immediately, as inflammatory breast cancer progresses quickly. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Male Breast Cancer: Though rare, men can also develop breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. Symptoms in men are similar to those in women, including lump formation, changes in breast size or shape, nipple discharge, and skin changes around the area. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Paget’s Disease of the Breast:&nbsp;A rare form of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. Symptoms include redness, scaling, itching, and oozing of fluids from the nipple, resembling eczema, a skin condition. Paget’s disease is often mistaken for a benign skin condition, making early detection crucial for proper treatment. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Papillary Carcinoma: This is another rare type of breast cancer that forms in the ducts of the breast. It typically presents as a small, slow-growing lump near the nipple, sometimes accompanied by clear or bloody discharge. Though generally less aggressive, papillary carcinoma requires prompt treatment to prevent progression. &nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">When to Seek Medical Advice</h2>If any of the symptoms discussed are present, it is essential to seek medical advice promptly. While some symptoms may be benign, it is always better to seek medical advice to rule out any serious conditions. If necessary, doctors will suggest further tests like mammograms, ultrasounds, or biopsies.&nbsp;At Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, our team of experts specialised in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of breast cancer, ensuring that patients receive the highest quality of care at every stage.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Preventive Measures and Early Detection</h2>As mentioned earlier, early detection is crucial for successful treatment, and certain preventive measures can reduce the risk of developing the disease. By adopting a proactive approach to breast health, individuals can increase their chances of catching potential issues early and taking appropriate action.<ul><li dir="ltr">Regular Screenings: One of the most effective ways to detect breast cancer is through regular screenings. Women aged 40 and older are suggested to have routine mammograms. A physical examination by a healthcare professional can help detect abnormalities that may not be visible on a mammogram. Individuals are also suggested to conduct monthly self-examinations. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Healthy Lifestyle Choices:&nbsp;Maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays an important role in reducing the risk of breast cancer. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can lower cancer risk. Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and balance hormone levels, which in turn can reduce the risk of breast cancer. It is advised to avoid smoking and limit the intake of alcohol to significantly lower the risk.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Genetic Testing and Counselling:&nbsp;Women with a family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations are suggested to conduct genetic counselling. This can help assess the risk and explore preventive options. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal Treatments: For those at high risk, hormonal treatments like selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors may reduce the likelihood of developing breast cancer but can have side effects so not routinely advised.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Stay Informed: Being aware of the signs and symptoms is a crucial part of prevention. Regular check-ups, staying informed about the personal risk factors, and understanding family medical history can all help in early detection.&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Prioritise Your Health with Amrita Hospital, Faridabad</h2>A comprehensive understanding of breast cancer, from its risk factors to the importance of early detection and the latest advancements in treatment, enables women to take proactive steps towards maintaining their health.&nbsp;Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, offers detailed <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/speciality-departments/breast-diseases-division">breast cancer screening services</a>, including mammograms and clinical breast examinations. Remember that early consultation with a specialist can lead to prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, maximising your chances of a full recovery.<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/book-appointment">Schedule a check-up at Amrita Hospital</a>, Faridabad, if you notice any abnormal changes in your breast health.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr"> Frequently Asked Questions</h2><ul><li dir="ltr">What is usually the first symptom of breast cancer?</li></ul>The most commonly appearing initial sign is the formation of a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm. While many lumps are benign, it is important to have any new growth evaluated by a healthcare professional.<ul><li dir="ltr">What does stage 1 breast cancer feel like?</li></ul>Stage 1 breast cancer may feel like a small, firm lump that is usually painless. At this early stage, the cancer is localised and has not spread beyond the breast tissue or nearby lymph nodes.<ul><li dir="ltr">What are the five warning signs of breast cancer?</li></ul>The warning signs of breast cancer include:&nbsp;<ol><li dir="ltr">Formation of a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in the breast size or shape.</li><li dir="ltr">Nipple discharge or retraction.</li><li dir="ltr">Skin dimpling or thickening on the breast.</li><li dir="ltr">Persistent breast or nipple pain. &nbsp;</li></ol><ul><li dir="ltr">How to prevent breast cancer?</li></ul>While there are no guaranteed ways to prevent breast cancer, some steps like managing a healthy lifestyle, regular screening, avoiding tobacco, etc. can reduce the risk. Genetic counselling may also help identify individuals at higher risk.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Recognising the Early Signs of Breast Cancer: What Every Woman Should Know

What is MRI Prostate with PIRADS scoring and how does it help in diagnosis and management of Prostate Cancer?MRI Prostate with PIRADS Scoring is a specialiSed type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to examine the prostate gland.It provides detailed images of the prostate tissue, helping to detect and evaluate potential abnormalities, including prostate cancer. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;PIRADS (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a standardised scoring system used to assess the likelihood of prostate cancer based on MRI findings. The score ranges from 1 (very low likelihood of cancer) to 5 (very high likelihood of cancer). &nbsp;&nbsp;MRI with PIRADS scoring is valuable in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer for several reasons:<ul><li dir="ltr">Early detection: It can help identify suspicious areas within the prostate gland, potentially leading to earlier detection of prostate cancer.</li><li dir="ltr">Targeted biopsies: PIRADS scores can guide targeted biopsies, focusing on areas with a higher likelihood of cancer, reducing the risk of unnecessary procedures. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Treatment planning: The information from MRI with PIRADS scoring can help determine the most appropriate treatment approach, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or active surveillance. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Monitoring disease progression: It can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any signs of disease recurrence. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;Overall, MRI with PIRADS scoring is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer, offering a more accurate and targeted approach to patient care. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

MRI Prostate with PIRADS: Aiding Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

If your PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test results are abnormal, your Uro-Oncologist will likely recommend further evaluation. This may include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical examination where the doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to assess its size and consistency.</li><li dir="ltr">Repeat PSA Test: A follow-up PSA test may be ordered to monitor changes in PSA levels over time.</li><li dir="ltr">Mri Prostate with PIRADS scoring</li><li dir="ltr">Biopsy: If other tests suggest prostate cancer, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. This involves taking a tissue sample from the prostate for examination under a microscope.</li></ul>It's important to discuss these options with your Uro-Oncologist and understand the potential risks and benefits of each. The specific course of action will depend on your individual situation, including your age, overall health, and the severity of the abnormality. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What is to be done after a patient gets abnormal PSA report? 

Symptoms of Prostate CancerWhile prostate cancer can sometimes be asymptomatic in its early stages, there are several signs that may indicate the presence of the disease:<ul><li dir="ltr">Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS): Difficulty initiating or stopping urination, frequent urination, weak urine flow, or a sense of incomplete bladder emptying.</li><li dir="ltr">Blood in the urine or semen: This is a concerning symptom that should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.</li><li dir="ltr">Urinary Incontinence: Loss of bladder control, such as leaking urine.</li><li dir="ltr">Pain or Discomfort: Pain in the lower back, hips, or thighs can be a sign of advanced prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.</li><li dir="ltr">Erectile Dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced Symptoms: In more advanced stages, symptoms might include weight loss, fatigue, bone pain (if cancer has spread to the bones), and swelling in the legs.</li></ul>&nbsp;It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). If you experience any of these symptoms, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. &nbsp;Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What are the symptoms with which Prostate cancer patients may present? 

PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland. While an elevated PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, it can also be caused by other factors. Therefore, it's crucial to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations on PSA testing frequency.Normal PSA levels vary between individuals. However, a level below 4 nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL) is generally considered normal for men under 50. As men age, PSA levels naturally increase.Who Should Get a PSA Test?<ul><li dir="ltr">Men over 50: Regular PSA tests are recommended for men over 50 as part of their routine health screenings.</li><li dir="ltr">Men with Increased Risk: Men with a family history of prostate cancer, African American men, or those experiencing symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine flow, or blood in the urine may benefit from earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr">Men with BRCA2 Mutations: Men carrying BRCA2 mutations may be at an increased risk and should consider earlier testing.</li></ul>A Risk-Adapted ApproachRather than a one-size-fits-all approach, a risk-adapted strategy can help tailor PSA testing to individual needs. This involves:<ul><li dir="ltr">Initial PSA Level: The initial PSA level can help determine follow-up intervals.</li><li dir="ltr">Life Expectancy and Performance Status: For men with limited life expectancy or poor performance status, aggressive screening might not be beneficial.</li></ul>Guidelines for PSA testing:<ul><li dir="ltr">Men from 50 years of age: Should consider regular PSA testing if symptomatic.</li><li dir="ltr">Men from 45 years of age with a family history of prostate cancer: Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr">African American men from 45 years of age: Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr">Men carrying BRCA2 mutations from 40 years of age: Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li></ul>Your Uro-Oncologist will also use your initial PSA level to determine the frequency of follow-up testing for a risk adapted approach.<ul><li dir="ltr">Men with a PSA level of &gt; 1 ng/mL at 40 years of age: Should follow up every 2 years.</li><li dir="ltr">Men with a PSA level of &gt; 2 ng/mL at 60 years of age: Should follow up every 2 years.</li><li dir="ltr">Men not at risk: May be able to postpone follow-up to 8 years.</li></ul>It's important to remember that PSA testing is not a definitive diagnosis for prostate cancer.&nbsp;Ultimately, the decision to undergo PSA testing should be made in consultation with your healthcare provider based on your individual circumstances.If your PSA level is elevated, your Uro-Oncologist may recommend further testing, to determine the cause. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What is the Normal level of PSA and who should get a PSA test done? 

If you live in and around Delhi NCR and are reading this, chances are, that you have been coughing, sneezing, felling unwell and tired, for the past few weeks, well you have been affected by the annual air pollution disaster, that hits Delhi during this season, for the past few years. India as per, WHO is one of the most polluted countries in the world and Delhi NCR region is unfortunately the most polluted city in the country. The air quality in our city is hazardous and toxic to all organs systems of the body. As a chest physician working in Delhi, over the past few days, I have been experiencing a surge in the number of patients coming with acute respiratory distress and worsening asthma. As the father of a 5 year old child who was born in this city and will perhaps live here, for a substantial time of her life, I am scared! Will my child be affected by this pollution? Will her life span be decreased, if her still developing lungs are exposed to such high levels of pollution? Will this pollution affect her IQ and overall intelligence? The answer to all these questions is an unfortunate yes. Research has clearly shown, that air pollution is a major killer and has adverse effects not only on the lungs, but also on body organs, including mental health and IQ. On a larger scale, we need to start involving the Government authorities and fight for our right to breathe. On a personal level , there are a few things which might help us cope better with the menace of pollution. First and foremost, if you have any respiratory diseases, see your physician. They will prescribe you with inhaled medicines, pumps, rotacaps etc. if it is required. Please do not shy away from using Pumps and inhalers. These drugs are absolutely safe if used correctly, and will help you breathe better. Every time you step out of your house, use a N-95 mask to cover your face and nose. These masks come with a shelf life and need to be replaced periodically. If you have any chronic illness, please ask your physician, if you can be given the pneumonia and flu vaccines. Air pollution, makes you more prone to lung infections and vaccines will help you in preventing these infections. It has been seen that the air quality inside our homes and offices is at times, worse than the air outside!&nbsp;Many people ask us if air purifiers are helpful. Well if you live in a place where air quality is poor and any of the family members has any chronic/ cardio-respiratory disease, it makes good sense to buy an air purifier. Make sure your air purifier is HEPA/Carbon filter based, and does not release ozone. Most of these air purifiers are effective in improving the air quality for standard size Indian rooms. Apart from these measures, eat a well balanced healthy diet. Include fruits, vegetables and nuts in your diet and do some form of physical activity every day. &nbsp;

 Air Pollution: What you need to know!

PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland, a small organ located below the bladder in men. It's primarily found in semen, but small amounts also circulate in the bloodstream. &nbsp;&nbsp; The PSA Test is a blood test used to measure the level of PSA in your blood. While an elevated PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, it can also be caused by other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate). &nbsp;&nbsp; It's important to note that a PSA test is not a definitive diagnosis for prostate cancer.&nbsp; If your PSA level is elevated, your Uro-Oncologist may recommend further testing, such as a digital rectal exam or a prostate biopsy, to determine the cause.&nbsp; &nbsp;

What is PSA?

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is a serious but preventable condition that affects many people in India, especially in rural areas. It is a leading cause of heart problems among children and young adults. Despite medical advances, RHD remains a significant public health challenge, and raising awareness is crucial to combat it. &nbsp;<h2>What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?&nbsp;</h2>Rheumatic Heart Disease is a long-term condition that starts with rheumatic fever, an illness that can develop after an untreated or poorly treated throat infection used caused by a bacteria called Streptococcus.&nbsp;Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, but it is most harmful to the heart. Over time, this inflammation can scar the heart valves, which can lead to valve narrowing or incompetence making it difficult for valves to function properly.&nbsp;Heart has 4 valves and any of them can be affected but the most commonest affected are the Mitral valve 65-70 % Aortic Valve 20-25 % and the Tricuspid valve 10 % The Pulmonary valve is rarely affected.&nbsp;<h2>RHD in India: A Public Health Challenge&nbsp;</h2>India has a high number of RHD cases approximately 1.5 million, especially in rural areas where healthcare access is limited. The disease mainly affects children and young often during their most productive years. Factors like overcrowding, poor sanitation, and lack of awareness about treating strep throat contribute to the high prevalence of RHD in the country.&nbsp;Prevalence: RHD affects an estimated 1.5 million people&amp;nbsp;in India.&nbsp;Mortality Rate: The mortality rate for RHD patients is approximately 4.7% per patient-year.Demographic Impact: Women are disproportionately affected, comprising about 72% of RHD patients.&nbsp;<h2>Symptoms and Complications&nbsp;</h2>RHD often shows symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and palpitations, which can be mistaken for other conditions. As the disease progresses, patients may develop severe complications, including heart failure, stroke, and serious infections of the heart valves. Without timely treatment, RHD can significantly impact quality of life and lead to premature death.&nbsp;<h2>Treatment Options for Rheumatic Heart Disease&nbsp;</h2><ul><li><h3>Medical Management&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>In the early stages, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further heart damage. This includes antibiotics to eliminate any remaining strep infection, anti-inflammatory medications to reduce heart inflammation, and regular check-ups to monitor disease progression.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Surgical Interventions&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>For advanced RHD, where the heart valves are severely damaged, surgery may be necessary. Valve repair or replacement is often the best way to restore&amp;nbsp;normal heart function and prevent further complications. The choice of procedure depends on the extent of the damage to the valve.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Heart Valve Replacement Options&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>When it comes to valve replacement, there are two main options: tissue valves and mechanical valves. Each has its pros and cons, which must be carefully considered.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Tissue Valves&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>Tissue valves are made from animal tissue (usually pigs-porcine or cows-bovine) or donated human heart tissue-homograft.&nbsp;Advantages<ul><li>Patients usually don't need long-term blood-thinning medications.&nbsp;</li><li>Quieter than mechanical valves.&nbsp;</li></ul>DisadvantagesLess durable and may need to be replaced after 10-20 years, especially in younger patients. More prone to calcification over time, which can lead to valve dysfunction.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Mechanical Valves&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>Mechanical valves are made from materials like carbon and titanium. They are designed to last a lifetime, making them a good choice for younger patients who might otherwise need multiple valve replacements.&nbsp;Advantages<ul><li>Extremely durable and can last for several decades.&nbsp;</li><li>Highly effective at maintaining normal blood flow.&nbsp;</li></ul>Disadvantages<ul><li>Patients must take blood-thinning medications for life to prevent clots, which can increase the risk of bleeding and require regular blood tests.&nbsp;</li><li>Some patients may be bothered by the clicking sound they produce.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>Choosing the Right Valve&nbsp;</h3>The decision between a tissue valve and a mechanical valve depends on factors like the patient's age, lifestyle, risk of bleeding, and personal preferences.&nbsp;In India, where RHD often affects younger patients, the durability of mechanical valves may be a significant consideration. However, the need for lifelong blood-thinning medication with mechanical valves may be a drawback for some, especially those with limited access to regular healthcare.&nbsp;<h2>Prevention and Public Health Initiatives&nbsp;</h2><h3>Preventing Rheumatic Fever&nbsp;</h3>The best way to prevent RHD is to prevent rheumatic fever by promptly diagnosing and treating streptococcal throat infection with antibiotics. Public health campaigns that educate communities about the importance of treating sore throats and seeking medical care for infection symptoms are essential in reducing the incidence of rheumatic fever and RHD.&nbsp;<h3>Role of Vaccination and School Programs&nbsp;</h3>Research is ongoing into vaccines that could protect against the bacteria causing streptococcal throat infection. School-based health programs that promote hygiene, provide regular health check-ups, and educate children about the risks of untreated sore throats can also play a crucial role in preventing rheumatic fever and RHD.&nbsp;Rheumatic Heart Disease remains a significant health issue in India, but with increased awareness and better healthcare access, its impact can be reduced. For those already affected by RHD, heart valve replacement&amp;mdash;whether with a tissue or mechanical valve&amp;mdash;offers a life-saving option that can restore normal heart function and improve quality of life.&nbsp;

Understanding Rheumatic Heart Disease

Why should parents ensure their newborn baby undergoes NBS? What are the tests involved? An expert breaks it down.You have just become a parent and feel blessed to have your little bundle of joy. You can’t wait to leave the hospital and be surrounded by your friends and families in celebrating the good news.Just then, the baby's doctor walks in, informing you about newborn screening.What is NBS? Let's break it down.Newborn screening (NBS) is a cost-effective intervention that allows the early detection of certain conditions before clinical symptoms manifest, enabling timely treatment.NBS is typically conducted soon after birth, before the baby is discharged from the hospital.The significance of newborn screening lies in its ability to identify and treat conditions early on, preventing the development of certain diseases and mental disabilities.By detecting these conditions in their early stages, infants can receive prompt medical attention, leading to better long-term outcomes and a healthier start to life.While newborn screening is currently being performed in many hospitals in India, it is not yet a part of the country's health policy. However, a few states, such as Kerala, Goa, and Chandigarh, have implemented NBS programs in government hospitals, providing free screening. These states serve as models for others to learn from and emulate.Newborn screening typically includes the following:<h2>Blood Tests</h2>In most hospitals, blood samples are collected from the baby's umbilical cord soon after birth, eliminating the need for an additional prick. Pricks on a newborn can be quite distressing for parents.If cord blood cannot be obtained, a heel prick test is done 24 - 48 hours after the birth.Commonly tested disorders include,<ul><li>Congenital Hypothyroidism</li></ul>Congenital hypothyroidism can be easily treated with not-so-expensive, easily obtained medicine, and early detection helps prevent intellectual disability.<ul><li>Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)</li></ul>G6PD deficiency, which is more prevalent in boys, can lead to anaemia and jaundice in the early neonatal period. Parents with babies of G6PD deficiency are given a Diet/Drug list to avoid. These drugs include certain antibiotics, antimalarials etc.<ul><li>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)</li></ul>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, if undetected, can lead to severe complications including shock and even death.<h2>Newborn Hearing &amp; Heart&nbsp;Screening</h2>Hearing loss occurs in 2- 4 out of every 1000 babies. Screening is therefore crucial, and involves a simple test called Otoacoustic Emission (OAE).The test involves placing a small probe (like an earphone) in the baby's ear, providing a click stimulus, and detecting a response from the inner ear.If it fails, the test is repeated with the 6-week vaccination visits, and if the child still doesn't pass, a detailed test called Brainstem meant to revoke Response Audiometry (BERA) is recommended.Early detection of hearing loss is crucial to prevent impairments in speech, communication, behavior and learning difficulties.<ul><li>Screen before one month of age</li><li>Diagnose before 3 months</li><li>Treat (Hearing aids) by 6 months of age</li></ul>Crude methods to assess hearing (for example, a baby responding to a door closing with a startle) can falsely reassure parents. This is why it's important to convince them to get hearing tested by a formal yet simple test- OAE.Another aspect of newborn screening involves using a pulse oximeter to check for certain heart conditions in infants.<h2>Challenges to Implementing Newborn Screening</h2>Some roadblocks to regular newborn screening include,<ul><li>Financial constraints</li><li>Lack of awareness among healthcare professionals policymakers, and parents</li><li>Need for retesting if a screen comes back positive.</li></ul>Additionally, certain disorders may require specialised diets that are often expensive and difficult to procure from other countries.To ensure the successful implementation of newborn screening, increasing awareness among the medical community, policymakers, and parents about the benefits of NBS are vital.Integrating newborn screening into the national health policy and gradually rolling it out in a phased manner, taking into account the prevalence of conditions in each state, will lead to a healthier and happier India.Newborn screening holds the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates and infants, providing early detection, intervention, and treatment.By taking one step at a time, we can work towards the universal implementation of NBS, ensuring a healthier future for our children.

To Give Your Baby a Healthy Start, Don’t Skip on Newborn Screening: What Is It?

As we celebrate Breastfeeding Awareness Month&nbsp;in August each year, it is essential to dispel some of the myths surrounding breastfeeding. Despite being a natural and vital aspect of motherhood, breastfeeding often comes with its fair share of misconceptions. It is crucial to address some prevalent myths and provide evidence-based facts to promote better understanding and support of breastfeeding mothers.By debunking these misconceptions, we hope to encourage a more positive and informed approach to breastfeeding, fostering a nurturing environment for both mother and baby.Myth 1: Once you have given birth, you need to be on a light diet and avoid normal meals.Fact: Once the mother is discharged from the hospital with the baby, she should eat a well-balanced diet including vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Adequate hydration is crucial, so make sure to drink plenty of fluids such as water, coconut water, buttermilk and milk, twice a day.&nbsp;Myth 2: You shouldn’t breastfeed when unwell.&nbsp;Fact: In most cases, mothers can continue to breastfeed their babies even when they are unwell. However, it is essential to get enough rest to recover and receive proper treatment. If a mother has a cough and cold, she should take extra precautions by frequently washing her hands and wearing a face mask during feeding. While most medicines are safe to take when breastfeeding, it is best to consult your doctor for guidance.Myth 3: Breastfeeding milk may not be enough to keep the baby well-fed.&nbsp;Fact: This is a common misconception. Breastfeeding operates on a need-per-basis system. The more the baby latches on the breast and sucks effectively, the more milk the mother will produce. Putting the baby on the breast each time helps maintain an adequate supply. While the initial days might be challenging, most mothers produce enough milk with the right nutrition for their babies.&nbsp;Myth 4: Breastfeeding hurts.Fact: While some mothers may experience initial discomfort when they start, breastfeeding usually doesn’t hurt. It is essential to address the root cause of pain. Pain and sore nipples are often the result of an incorrect latching technique. Seeking support from lactation counsellors can help mothers learn proper positioning and attachment, making breastfeeding a pain-free experience.&nbsp;Myth 5: It is time to breastfeed babies when they cry.&nbsp;Fact: Crying is one of the late cues for feeding. It is essential to look for early cues when initiating breastfeeding. These cues include baby waking up from sleep, moving their mouth as if to suck, head turning towards the breast, sucking their fingers, and lip-smacking among others.Myth 6: Babies should be given water during summer.Fact: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months of age. Babies who are breastfed do not need additional water, as breastmilk contains all the essential nutrients for your baby, including water. Breastfeeding is a valuable gift of nature that benefits both mother and baby. This year’s theme "Enabling Breastfeeding: Making a Difference for Working Parents" highlights the importance of creating a supportive environment for breastfeeding, especially for mothers who are balancing work and motherhood.It is important to remember that seeking advice from Lactation Counsellors, doctors and support from friends and family can make the breastfeeding experience more enjoyable for both mother and baby.&nbsp;

Debunking 6 common myths about breastfeeding | Breastfeeding Awareness Month 2023

Is your mood always low? Do you often feel anxious, worthless, and suicidal? Do you inflict self-harm? Is there a lack of interest in sex and other pleasure-giving activities? Are you the kind of person who refuses to socialize and experiences an inability to function at home and at the workplace?&nbsp; If the answer to all these questions is a YES, you might be suffering from&nbsp;DEPRESSION, ALSO KNOWN AS MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER OR CLINICAL DEPRESSION.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is a common and serious medical illness that has a negative impact on your state of mind and well-being. It affects how you feel, think and act. It decreases the quality of your life.&nbsp; Depression affects people of all ages. Children, Teens, and Adults show different symptoms.&nbsp; Refusal to go to school, aches, and pains, worry, clinginess, irritability, sadness, and being overweight are the common symptoms in children.&nbsp; Substance abuse, avoiding social interaction, self-harm, overeating and oversleeping, poor academic performance and attendance at school, anger, and irritation, feeling worthless and guilty, sadness, being too sensitive, and loss of interest in normal activities are the general signs of depression in teenagers.&nbsp; Adults experience mild to extreme memory loss, personality changes, aches and pains, fatigue, sleep disorders, loss of appetite, lack of interest in all activities which give pleasure, refusal to socialize and stay within homes, and suicide mentality.&nbsp; Symptoms&nbsp; A feeling of extreme sadness&nbsp; Anxiety, worry Decreased ability to function at home and at the workplace&nbsp; Emotionally disturbed Fatigue&nbsp; Feeling worthless and unwanted&nbsp; Increase in purposeless physical activity&nbsp;like restlessness and agitation Not being able to focus on everyday activities&nbsp; Not interested in activities once enjoyed&nbsp; Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, or suicide Slowing down of movements&nbsp; Trouble sleeping or oversleeping&nbsp; Unable to concentrate, think and make decisions&nbsp; Causes / Reasons&nbsp; Being sad is not the same as being depressed. Continuous exposure to physical and mental violence, emotional neglect, or poverty may make some people more vulnerable to depression. People with low self-esteem, generally pessimistic, and those susceptible to stress experience depression. Genetics and Biochemistry are also factors contributing to depression. It can even occur because of a particular medical condition or due to certain medications.&nbsp; Treatment&nbsp; Depression is among the treatable mental disorders. It may require long-term treatment. But don't be discouraged. Medication, Psychotherapy, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), or a combination of these can improve the condition of patients.&nbsp; Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Depression

How about having a bite of grilled chicken burger and coke? Or do you avoid them, considering your weight gain? If the latter is your choice, you are on the right path. It might taste good, but researchers have something else to say- processed foods increase cancer risk. Processed foods include packaged bakery products and snacks, sweetened or fizzy drinks, tinned food, processed meat, cheese, etc. They are often modified using artificial or chemical food colors, flavors, and emulsifiers.&nbsp; A study published online by the British Medical Journal (The BMJ) in February 2018 states that every 10% increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with a 12% higher risk for cancer in general and an 11% increased risk for breast cancer. The 2016 report by&nbsp;Foresight&nbsp;states that Sales of ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened beverages are growing, and this growth is almost exclusively found in the under-developed and developing countries. In fact, India is a vast market for the food processing industry, involving local and international brands.&nbsp;&nbsp;The hidden danger:&nbsp;The tasty sugar, oil, and fat-rich processed foods often lack essential nutrients, which add to cancer risk. There is evidence that relates processed red meat to liver, lung, colon, rectum, stomach, and kidney cancer.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Way to a healthy life:&nbsp;An expert report from World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) suggests that diet and nutrition are modifiable factors for cancer prevention. The use of fresh and minimally processed foods such as vegetables, fruits, rice and eggs, meat and fish, and milk is associated with lowering cancer risk.&nbsp; You need to change your food habits and shift to a healthy way of life. The government, too, can make decisions to safeguard the food habits of the citizens, especially the younger generation.

Processed Food And Cancer

There are times when you are ecstatic, and your joy knows no bounds. The next moment you are unreasonably irritable, angry, and frustrated. Your mood swings affect your behavior, thought process, sleep, energy levels, and power of judgment. The condition that causes extreme mood swings – episodes of extremely elevated mood (mania/ hypomania) or emotionally low (depression) is known as&nbsp;Bipolar disorder. There are different types of bipolar and related disorders. Bipolar I&nbsp;disorder is defined by manic episodes that last at least a week or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes, which typically last at least two weeks, can also occur. Episodes of depression with mixed features (having depressive symptoms and manic symptoms simultaneously) are also possible. Bipolar II&nbsp;disorder is defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes. It is different from the full-blown manic episodes typical of Bipolar I disorder. Cyclothymic disorder&nbsp;also&nbsp;Cyclothymia&nbsp;is defined by periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (one year in children and adolescents). However, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for hypomanic and depressive episodes. Other types&nbsp;are&nbsp;usually induced by certain drugs or alcohol or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke. Symptoms&nbsp; Ecstatic and Enthusiastic&nbsp; Swings from a joyful mood to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restless&nbsp; Poor concentration, Distracted and Irritated&nbsp; Increased energy and less need for sleep High sex drive Making grand and unattainable plans Tendency to show poor judgment, such as deciding to quit a job Investing huge amounts of money or risky behaviour Drug and alcohol abuse Increased impulsivity Causes and Reasons&nbsp; It is difficult to state the exact reasons that cause Bipolar disorder. Genetics, Changes in the brain, factors like stress, and major life changes can lead to the condition.&nbsp; Treatment It is a lifelong condition. Your symptoms can be managed by following a treatment plan. Bipolar disorder is treated with medications and psychological counseling. A good treatment program can stabilize severe moods and provide effective symptom relief. Continued treatment has been proven more effective in preventing relapses.&nbsp; Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Bipolar Disorder

Are you sure your blood sugar level is under control? If not, it's a matter of concern. A high blood sugar level indicates a silent killer invading your body. If your blood tests reveal constantly high blood sugar levels, you have developed Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes. It is a lifelong disease.&nbsp; It is a condition where your body either does not produce enough of a hormone called insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it produces. It is insulin that helps the body convert glucose or sugar into energy.&nbsp; Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.&nbsp;The pancreas, an organ behind the stomach, releases insulin to help store and use sugar and fat from the food that a person eats. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin, produces very little insulin, or when the body develops the condition insulin resistance, where it does not respond to insulin.&nbsp; Symptoms If you are diabetic, you may experience the following symptoms: Fatigue Increased thirst Extreme hunger Weight loss Blurry vision Frequent urination Sores that heal slowly  Type 1 Diabetes, Prediabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes are the common types of diabetes.&nbsp; &nbsp;Causes and Reasons; and Treatment&nbsp;depend on the type of diabetes.&nbsp; Type 1 Diabetes: This is also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, destroying the body's ability to produce insulin. If you are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, you will have to take insulin to live.&nbsp; Cause: Exact reasons remain unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors are considered to play a significant role.&nbsp; Treatment: Type 1 diabetes can be managed through insulin intake, a healthy diet, exercise, and frequent blood sugar monitoring. Prediabetes&nbsp;occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be classified as Type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can lead to Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp; Causes: Your body's cells don't respond to insulin, and your pancreas makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond. Eventually, your pancreas finds it challenging to keep pumping, and your blood sugar shoots up. This sets the stage for prediabetes.&nbsp; Treatment:&nbsp;Prediabetes can be managed with a balanced diet, exercise, and careful monitoring of blood sugars. This can also prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp; Type 2: It is the most common form of diabetes. People with Type 2 diabetes produce insulin. But the insulin their pancreas produces is either not enough, or the body is resistant to the insulin. When insulin production is insufficient or the insulin is not used the way it should be, glucose can't get into the body's cells. Eventually, there arises the need for insulin medication.&nbsp; Causes:&nbsp;Exact reason remains uncertain. However, genetic and environmental factors are considered to play a significant role. Treatment:&nbsp;Although there is no cure for this condition, you can manage Type 2 diabetes by losing weight, having a healthy diet, regular exercise, and insulin therapy. Gestational diabetes: It develops in some pregnant women. In most cases, it goes away with the birth of the child. However, there is a greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in later life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy could be actual Type 2 diabetes. Causes:&nbsp;Although the exact cause is still unknown, excess weight before pregnancy plays a role in this condition. The blood sugar may also rise due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. Treatment:&nbsp;Close monitoring of blood sugar levels, lifestyle changes, and medications can reduce complications during pregnancy and delivery. Prevention Although Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. Steps including lifestyle changes, can help you prevent Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Gestational Diabetes to an extent. Foods rich in fiber and low in fat and calories can help you prevent this condition. Moderate physical activity and losing excess weight will also help you prevent diabetes. Have your blood sugar level checked at least once a year. Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

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