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<p>With rising temperatures and the unbearable heat of peak summers, every parent faces a unique challenge: How to protect their baby or toddler from the intense heat, dehydration, infections, and other seasonal concerns. While summer is a time for sunshine and play, it can also be a cause of discomfort and potential health issues—especially for infants and toddlers whose immunity and ability to regulate body temperature are still developing.</p><h4>Summer Care: Importance for Young Children</h4><p>Babies, toddlers and even young children are more vulnerable to seasonal changes as their immune system is still developing. They are more prone to rashes, sunburns, or dehydration as compared to adults. With the increasing use of air-conditioners, ice-cold foods, the variation of hot and cold exposure during summers, can lead to fever, viral infections, and foodborne illnesses. Insect bites are also a common cause of discomfort for babies during this season. Therefore, the little ones need extra care and attention to stay protected and comfortable.</p><h4>Essential Summer Care Tips for Babies and Toddlers&nbsp;</h4><p>A little caution and some preventive care can help parents protect their baby from extreme heat. Here’s a quick guide every parent should follow during the summer:&nbsp;</p><h4>Hydration is a Priority&nbsp;</h4><p>Babies under six months should be breastfed more frequently. For older babies and toddlers, offer them small sips of clean water, fresh fruit juicesfresh home made juices, or oral rehydration solutions from time to time. It is also essential to keep an eye for signs of dehydration like dry lips, fewer wet diapers, and dullness.&nbsp;</p><h4>Light and Breathable Clothing&nbsp;</h4><p>Dress your child in soft, cotton or linen clothes that allow the skin to breathe. Synthetic fabrics like polyesters trap heat and sweat, which can lead to skin rashes.&nbsp;</p><h4>Avoid the Midday Sun&nbsp;</h4><p>Plan outdoor activities either early in the morning or late in the evening. Try to keep babies indoors during peak heat hours (12 PM to 4 PM) to prevent sunburn and overheating.&nbsp;</p><h4>Skin Care and Rashes&nbsp;</h4><p>Use a clinically-approved mild baby sunscreen (for children older than 6 months). Bathe your baby regularly with lukewarm water and gently pat dry. Applying a gentle cream as prescribed by the paediatrician can help prevent or treat prickly heat rashes. Avoid use of oily products that can block the skin pores.&nbsp;</p><h4>Watch Their Diet&nbsp;</h4><p>For toddlers, opt for light and easily digestible meals. Include seasonal fruits and veggies like watermelon, mango, and cucumber. Avoid packaged foods that can spoil in extreme heat or foods kept out for long hours during summer.&nbsp;</p><h4>Keep Mosquitoes Away&nbsp;</h4><p>Mosquitoes are more active in summer and can spread diseases like dengue or chikungunya. Use baby-safe mosquito repellents, or nets, and ensure there is no stagnant water around the home.&nbsp;</p><h4>Ensure Comfortable Sleep&nbsp;</h4><p>A properly ventilated room with a ceiling fan or cooler that doesn’t directly face the child is advisable for comfortable sleep. If using an air-conditioner, maintain a comfortable temperature to help the baby to have a comfortable sleep and stay healthy.&nbsp;</p><h4>Travel Safety with Babies During Summer&nbsp;</h4><p>Planning a vacation or visiting relatives? Keep these essentials in mind:&nbsp;</p><ul><li>Carry sufficient fluids, snacks, and a basic baby first-aid kit as instructed by the paediatrician.&nbsp;</li><li>Dress your baby in comfortable clothes.&nbsp;</li><li>Choose well-ventilated, clean accommodations.&nbsp;</li><li>Always use a car seat and avoid long travel in extreme heat.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Travelling with babies in summer can be enjoyable if you’re prepared and keep their comfort and hygiene a priority.&nbsp;</p>

Summer Care Tips for Babies and Toddlers

Paediatric Care: A Parent’s Guide to Raising a Healthy Child

What Does the Colour of Your Period Blood Mean?

Early Detection of Lung Cancer: Why It Matters ?

Doctors Talk

Knowledge Hub

<p dir="ltr">In today’s fast-paced world, most of us are caught in the relentless rhythm of a 9-to-5 routine. Our days are packed with back-to-back meetings, long hours at our desks, and constant screen time, leaving little room for movement, rest, or self-care. It may seem harmless, but spending too much time sitting each day can subtly affect our physical and mental well-being. If your everyday schedule involves extended hours at a desk, here’s what you should be aware of:</p><h2><strong>Poor Posture and Spine Issues</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">When sitting for long hours, we never realize how often we slouch or lean forward. Over time, this poor posture puts pressure on the spine and neck. Individuals may start feeling stiffness in their back, pain in their shoulders, or even headaches. Ignoring poor posture for too long can lead to chronic back pain, slipped discs, and serious spine problems.</p><p dir="ltr">Not many people are aware that with time, poor sitting posture can cause herniated discs, chronic neck pain, disc degeneration, back pain, and reduced flexibility. Using a chair with good back support and sitting with your feet flat on the floor can help, along with breaks for movement at regular intervals. But, if you are facing serious discomfort, it is advisable to consult a specialist. In fact, a preventive consultation for maintaining better posture and keeping a check on spinal health is recommended to those who spend long working hours sitting or standing.</p><h2><strong>Mental Health and Physical Disturbances</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Sitting for a long period of time doesn’t just impact one’s body, it messes with the mind too. Which makes it hard to concentrate and causes stress or anxiety. Wellness experts time and again highlight the holistic approach to health because our body and brain are closely linked. Body movement increases blood circulation, oxygen levels, and even boosts the feel-good hormones. Simple walking breaks and stretches can help relieve physical tension and refresh the mind. The rise in the number of working people experiencing anxiety is an indication that procrastination is not the solution to relaxing the body and mind. It is essential to seek early expert intervention to create a healthy lifestyle.</p><h2><strong>Why Expert Intervention is Important?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Extended periods of sitting are associated with a 64% increased risk of heart disease, a 112% elevated risk of diabetes, and even early indicators of metabolic syndrome a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, excess abdominal fat, and irregular cholesterol levels. Indeed, merely five days of inactivity can heighten insulin resistance, leading you towards long- term health conditions. Consulting qualified medical experts at hospitals is essential as the internet is full of advisors and influencers with knowledge, causing more harm than healing. At Amrita Hospital, we have specialists in orthopedics and physiotherapy offering advanced care plans for spinal health, posture correction, spinal health and long-term relief from chronic pain.</p><h2><strong>Habits to Break the Cycle</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The good news is that all this can be prevented by making small and simple adjustments and changes in our lifestyle. Including some basic practices in our daily life can make a big difference to our physical and mental wellbeing.</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Consider walking around for 5-10 minutes after every 60 minutes of sitting or standing. Stretch, walk, or just take a break from the screen. It’s a simple step that goes a long way in improving circulation and reducing stiffness.</li><li dir="ltr">Switch your sitting posture often. You can stand next to the desk or simply take a tour of the room during calls. Staying in the same position for too long, whether seated or standing, can lead to physical strain. Changing body positions frequently alleviates muscle fatigue and promotes a healthier spine.</li><li dir="ltr">Practice good posture, sit upright, keep screens at eye level, and avoid hunching. Adjust your chair and screen so you’re not slouching or straining your neck. Investing in good flexible furniture, or even using a cushion for back support, can help maintain a better sitting posture.</li><li dir="ltr">Stretch your body gently; neck, shoulder, and back stretches work do wonders making you feel refreshed and concentrated. Some stretches for your back, neck, and legs can relieve muscle tightness, enhance flexibility, and keep you more focused during the day.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The right Ergonomic Solutions such as forward tilt chairs, intelligent recline technology, and 4D armrests can significantly aid in promoting natural body movement, particularly for individuals engaged in prolonged work hours.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Working long hours at the desk has become a normal schedule for modern life. However, the body starts showing symptoms after some time of constant fatigue. These small but significant signals are an indication which if ignored, can lead to chronic back and neck troubles, sometimes leading to surgery. But one doesn’t need to worry as most of these issues can be dealt with through timely medical treatment and the right care.</p><p dir="ltr">Our work is an essential aspect of life, and it can also be affected if we do not take proper care of our bodies. If you're currently dealing with back pain, tiredness, or posture problems, don't ignore them. You can visit Amrita Hospital for a consultation with physiotherapists, spine specialists, and wellness experts all under one roof. Preventive care or chronic pain, make the right choice for your health.</p>

Long Hours at the Desk? Here's What It’s Doing to Your Body

<p>Antibiotics are powerful medicines that have saved millions of lives. However, throughout all these years, many misconceptions regarding their appropriate use have been spread across the world. The widespread misinformation has frequently resulted in misuse, which can harm your health.</p><p>Let us dispel some common myths and understand the right way to use antibiotics.</p><h2>What are Antibiotics and why Antibiotics Awareness Matters?</h2><p>Antibiotics are a general name given to a large group of medicines. It is formulated to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. There are many types of antibiotics, and they are prescribed based on the illness. Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections and not viral infections like colds or the flu. However, not everyone is aware of this fact and expects physicians or medical experts to prescribe antibiotics, but not all antibiotics work against all types of bacteria, and only doctors can determine which specific antibiotic is effective for a particular infection.</p><h2>Antibiotic Resistance – A growing concern in India</h2><p>Antibiotic resistance is becoming a growing public health epidemic in India. Easy over-the-counter access, widespread self-medication, and incomplete dosage have contributed to this alarming trend. When people have an overdose of antibiotics or take them without medical intervention, bacteria adapt and become resistant. This makes the infections harder to treat.</p><p>To protect ourselves and our future generations, it is very critical for us to understand that self-medication is not the right choice, and one must always consult a doctor before taking any antibiotics.</p><p>At Amrita Hospital, we believe that awareness and informed choices can lead to better health. It is always suggested to take advice from doctors and take antibiotics only when prescribed.</p><h2>Myth Vs Facts</h2><h3>Myth 1: Antibiotics are taken to treat all sorts of illnesses</h3><p><strong>Fact:</strong> Antibiotics should only be taken during bacterial infections. They should be avoided during viral infections like the common cold, flu, and sore throat (unless it's strep throat). However, consulting your doctor is important to understand the symptoms and receive the right treatment.</p><h3>Myth 2: Taking a break from antibiotics can’t delay or disrupt recovery.</h3><p><strong>Fact:</strong> Antibiotics must be taken as the prescribed dose. Taking a break will only delay the healing process. Stopping early without a doctor’s intervention can be an issue. This makes it possible for the bacteria to survive, multiply, and become resistant.</p><h3>Myth 3: Using antibiotics from a previous prescription or someone else’s is fine.</h3><p><strong>Fact:</strong> This is surely a risk; first and foremost, no medicine shall be taken without a doctor’s prescription. Not every infection needs the same kind of treatment. Using the wrong antibiotic can slow down the right care and lead to side effects.</p><h3>Myth 4: Antibiotics can be taken without a doctor’s prescription when not feeling well.</h3><p><strong>Fact:</strong> Self-medication has more side effects than benefits, and when taking high-power medicine, people need to be especially cautious. Just like any other medication, antibiotics can lead to side effects like allergic reactions, stomach issues, or negative impacts on gut bacteria. Therefore, it is always suggested to consult an expert before taking any medicine.</p><h2>How to Use Antibiotics Responsibly</h2><ul><li><strong>Use only when prescribed by medical experts:</strong> Always consult a doctor before taking antibiotics. The “popping a pill” habit for common issues like fever or cough without proper diagnosis can do more harm than good.</li><li><strong>Complete the course of antibiotic medicine prescribed:</strong> Even if you're feeling better, make sure to complete the entire prescribed dose to prevent further suffering.</li><li><strong>Don’t take someone else’s medications:</strong> What works for one person might not suit another, even if the symptoms look alike. Therefore, using medicines prescribed to others for similar symptoms is not advisable. A doctor’s intervention is important.</li><li><strong>Ask Questions:</strong> If you are unsure whether you need antibiotics, talk to your doctor. Knowing when and why they’re needed is key.</li></ul><h2>Amrita Hospitals, Faridabad – Creating awareness for better healing choices</h2><p>Antibiotics are essential in modern medicine, but we need to use them responsibly. By avoiding myths or common misconceptions and seeking expert guidance, we can ensure that antibiotics are used for the right medical conditions.</p><p>At Amrita Hospital, we’re committed to responsible healthcare because better awareness means better outcomes. When it comes to your health, trust the right guidance.</p>

Common Myths About Antibiotics You Should Stop Believing

Post-Liver Transplant Recovery: Timeline, Diet & Follow-Up

<p dir="ltr">Imagine your liver as the body’s silent multitasker, working around the clock to filter toxins, produce essential proteins, regulate hormones, and process nutrients. Now imagine this powerhouse gradually replaced by scar tissue, silently losing its ability to keep your body balanced and healthy. That’s what cirrhosis does.</p><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis is a progressive, irreversible scarring of the liver that results from chronic liver damage. Over time, this scarring disrupts the functioning of the liver and can lead to life-threatening complications. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), liver cirrhosis is one of the top causes of global mortality.</p><p dir="ltr">Often called a “silent killer”, cirrhosis of the liver progresses slowly, sometimes showing no symptoms until severe damage has occurred. It’s a condition that affects millions worldwide, yet remains undiagnosed until it reaches a critical stage. If left untreated, cirrhosis can lead to liver failure, cancer, or even death. But there’s hope. With early detection, proper management, and in advanced cases, a liver transplant, patients can reclaim their lives.</p><p dir="ltr">In this blog, we’ll break down what cirrhosis really means, how it progresses, its warning signs, and when liver transplants could become a life-saving option.</p><h2><strong>What is Cirrhosis?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis is a chronic liver condition in which healthy liver tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue, impairing the liver’s ability to function properly. This scarring, also known as fibrosis, is the liver’s response to repeated injury over months or years.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">You could think of it like a sponge turning into a piece of leather. As the liver hardens and shrinks, blood can’t flow through it efficiently, and its vital functions, right from the detoxification of blood to aiding digestion, begin to shut down. Unlike many other organs, the liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate itself. However, with continuous damage, even this resilient organ can’t keep up, which in turn leads to permanent damage or loss of function.</p><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis isn’t a disease in itself but a result of long-term liver damage from a variety of causes, such as chronic alcohol use, viral infections, or metabolic disorders. It marks the final phase of chronic liver disease, and once this stage is reached, medical attention becomes urgent and ongoing.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Causes of Liver Cirrhosis</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis is the result of chronic and ongoing liver damage. Over time, the liver attempts to repair itself, which leads to the formation of scar tissue. If this damage continues, more scar tissue accumulates, eventually affecting the function of the liver.</p><p dir="ltr">Here are the most common causes of liver cirrhosis:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Chronic Alcohol Abuse</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Excessive alcohol intake over time leads to alcoholic liver disease. The liver metabolises alcohol, but too much overwhelms the organ and causes inflammation, fat buildup, and eventually fibrosis and cirrhosis.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Chronic Viral Hepatitis (B and C)</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Both hepatitis B and C viruses can cause long-term inflammation, gradually damaging liver cells. Without treatment, this can progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Linked to obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol, MASLD occurs when fat accumulates in the liver. In some people, this develops into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is prone to cause inflammation and scarring.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Autoimmune Hepatitis</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">A condition where the body’s immune system attacks its own liver cells, leading to chronic inflammation and eventual scarring of the liver.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Inherited Diseases</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Conditions, like Wilson’s disease (copper accumulation) and hemochromatosis (iron overload), can lead to toxic buildup in the liver, damaging tissues over time.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Bile Duct Disorders</strong></h3></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Diseases such as Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBS) and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) block or damage bile ducts, which causes the bile to build up in the liver and eventually scar the tissue.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Prevention of Cirrhosis</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">While cirrhosis is often the result of years of silent liver damage, the encouraging news is that many of its underlying causes are preventable or manageable. Early intervention and lifestyle changes play a vital role in protecting liver health and reducing the risk of irreversible scarring.</p><p dir="ltr">Here are some of the most effective strategies to prevent liver cirrhosis:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Limit or Avoid Alcohol&nbsp;</strong></h3></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Chronic alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis. If you drink, do so in moderation, defined as up to one drink per day for women and two for men. For those with existing liver disease, complete abstinence is often advised.</p><ol start="2"><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Protect Against Hepatitis B and C</strong></h3></li></ol><p dir="ltr">These viral infections can easily silently inflame the liver for years before symptoms arise. The prevention of the same includes:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Getting vaccinated against Hepatitis B.</li><li dir="ltr">Practising safe sex.</li><li dir="ltr">Avoiding needle sharing.</li><li dir="ltr">Screening blood products (in clinical settings).</li><li dir="ltr">Regular testing if you’re at high risk.</li></ul><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Maintain a Healthy Weight</strong></h3></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Obesity and insulin resistance increase the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a leading cause of cirrhosis today. Adopting a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing diabetes or high cholesterol can significantly reduce your risk.</p><ol start="4"><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid Toxins and Unsafe Medications</strong></h3></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Prolonged exposure to industrial chemicals, herbicides, or certain over-the-counter medications like high doses of acetaminophen (paracetamol) can injure liver cells. Always use medications under medical supervision and avoid mixing alcohol with drugs.</p><ol start="5"><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Get Regular Liver Check-Ups</strong></h3></li></ol><p dir="ltr">If you’ve risk factors, such as a family history of liver disease, alcohol use disorder, hepatitis infection, or obesity, periodic liver function tests can help catch early signs of damage before they progress.</p><ol start="6"><li dir="ltr"><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Manage Underlying Conditions</strong></h3></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Autoimmune liver disorders, genetic conditions (like Wilson’s disease or hemochromatosis), and certain chronic infections require early diagnosis and consistent medical follow-up to prevent progression to cirrhosis.</p><p dir="ltr">Remember, prevention is always easier and safer than a cure. By taking proactive steps to protect your liver today, you reduce the risk of severe complications tomorrow. A healthier liver is key to a healthy life.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>The Stages of Liver Cirrhosis and Its Progression</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis does not occur overnight. It evolves through stages, each with increasing severity:</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Compensated Cirrhosis</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">The liver is damaged but still able to function.</li><li dir="ltr">Often no symptoms.</li><li dir="ltr">The condition may remain stable for years with proper management.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Decompensated Cirrhosis</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">The liver function starts to decline.</li><li dir="ltr">Symptoms become visible (jaundice, ascites, bleeding).</li><li dir="ltr">The risk of life-threatening complications rises.</li><li dir="ltr">Medical intervention becomes critical.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. End-Stage Liver Disease (ESLD)</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">The liver is severely scarred and unable to perform essential tasks.</li><li dir="ltr">A liver transplant is often the only viable treatment.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Physicians use the Child-Pugh Score and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score to assess the severity and urgency of transplantation.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms and Complications of Liver Cirrhosis</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Symptoms of cirrhosis vary by stage. In the early stages, patients may feel fine or experience nonspecific signs such as fatigue, generalized weakness and loss of appetite. As the disease progresses, symptoms become more pronounced.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Advancing Cirrhosis</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">The recognisable symptoms of cirrhosis fall into two categories: the symptoms related to declining liver function and the symptoms related to portal hypertension.</p><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis symptoms related to the declining liver function are as stated below:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Jaundice (yellow tint to your skin and eyes).</li><li dir="ltr">Vomiting of blood.</li><li dir="ltr">Distension of the abdomen (ascites).</li><li dir="ltr">Swelling of the feet.</li><li dir="ltr">Decreased urine output .</li><li dir="ltr">Easy bleeding and bruising (also known as coagulopathy).</li><li dir="ltr">Weight loss and muscle loss.</li><li dir="ltr">Hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, mood changes, coma).</li><li dir="ltr">Irregularity in your menstrual cycle.</li><li dir="ltr">Enlarged male breast tissue and shrunken testes.</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Other Complications of Cirrhosis</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">General toxicity, feeling ill, tired and foggy.</li><li dir="ltr">Reduced immunity, healing and recovery.</li><li dir="ltr">Fluid leakage from your veins causes swelling in your body.</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal imbalance and deficiencies.</li><li dir="ltr">Digestive difficulties, malabsorption, and malnutrition.</li><li dir="ltr">Mild cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">There are also certain life-threatening complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, including:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Gastrointestinal varices and gastrointestinal bleeding.</li><li dir="ltr">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.</li><li dir="ltr">Kidney failure (hepatorenal syndrome).</li><li dir="ltr">Chronic failure of the liver.2</li><li dir="ltr">Liver cancer.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How Liver Cirrhosis Affects Overall Health</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Liver cirrhosis doesn’t just impact the liver; it disrupts the body as a whole. As the liver becomes scarred and its function declines, toxins that are normally filtered begin to accumulate in the bloodstream, affecting the brain and leading to confusion, memory loss, and in severe cases, hepatic encephalopathy.</p><p dir="ltr">Let us check out how liver cirrhosis affects the entire body.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Metabolism</strong>: Impaired processing of drugs, hormones, and toxins.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Blood Clotting</strong>: Reduced production of clotting factors increases bleeding risk.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Immune Function</strong>: Decreased ability to fight infections.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Nutrient Deficiency</strong>: Poor absorption and storage of vital nutrients like vitamins A, D, E, and K.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Mental Health</strong>: Chronic fatigue, confusion, and encephalopathy can affect mood and cognitive function.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Kidney Function</strong>: Advanced cirrhosis can lead to hepatorenal syndrome, a type of kidney failure.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">This systemic impact highlights why cirrhosis is considered a multi-organ disease in its advanced stages.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>The Role of Liver Transplant in End-Stage Cirrhosis</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">When cirrhosis advances to the point where the liver can no longer perform its functions, even with medication, liver transplantation becomes the only curative option.</p><p dir="ltr">A liver transplant involves surgically replacing the damaged liver with a healthy one from a deceased or living donor. According to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), transplant offers patients a significantly improved survival rate and better quality of life.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Who Is Eligible?</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Patients with decompensated cirrhosis.</li><li dir="ltr">MELD score typically &gt;15 or CTP score &gt; 9</li><li dir="ltr">Repeated hospitalisations for complications.</li><li dir="ltr">Development of liver cancer (if within transplant criteria).</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Eligibility also depends on the patient’s overall health, absence of active substance use, and psychosocial readiness.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>When is Liver Transplantation Necessary for Cirrhosis Patients?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Liver transplantation becomes absolutely critical for cirrhosis patients when the liver is so severely damaged that it can no longer perform its functions, even with medication and supportive care. This stage is known as decompensated cirrhosis and is known decompensated cirrhosis and is often marked by serious complications like recurrent ascites (abdominal fluid buildup), variceal bleeding, internal bleeding from enlarged veins, hepatic encephalopathy&nbsp; (confusion due to toxin buildup), or kidney dysfunction.</p><p dir="ltr">So, if you’re still wondering when you need a liver transplant:</p><p dir="ltr">A liver transplant is considered when:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">The liver can no longer carry out its essential functions.</li><li dir="ltr">There is no improvement with conventional treatments.</li><li dir="ltr">Life-threatening complications like variceal bleeding or encephalopathy recur.</li><li dir="ltr">The patient’s MELD score indicates a high risk of death within 3 months.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Doctors use a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging, and lab tests to determine timing and urgency. Early referral to a transplant centre is crucial, even if the patient is not immediately eligible.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How Liver Transplant Helps Restore Liver Function in Cirrhosis</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">A successful liver transplant restores normal metabolic, detoxifying, and immune-regulating functions of the liver. The benefits of a successful liver transplant include;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Resolution of Jaundice</li><li dir="ltr">Resolution of ascites and fluid retention</li><li dir="ltr">Normalisation of blood clotting and hormone balance.</li><li dir="ltr">Improved energy levels and appetite.</li><li dir="ltr">Enhanced mental clarity and cognitive function.</li><li dir="ltr">Reduced risk of infection and further organ damage.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Most patients require lifelong immunosuppressive medications to prevent organ rejection and regular follow-ups to monitor liver health and avoid the recurrence of the original disease.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Recognising Cirrhosis Before It’s Too Late</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Cirrhosis is a serious, progressive condition that often advances quietly until complications arise. It may begin silently, but its impact is something that grows louder with time, affecting not just the liver but every part of life. From fatigue and confusion to life-threatening complications, it slowly chips away at the body’s natural resilience. Yet amid the challenges, there’s still hope.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">With timely diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and vigilant medical care, many people can manage cirrhosis and live meaningfully for years. And for those of you or your loved ones facing end-stage liver failure, a liver transplant can offer not just survival, but renewal, a chance to reclaim your lost energy, clarity and peace of mind.</p><p dir="ltr">Behind every transplant is a story of courage, of families holding on to hope, and of medical teams working tirelessly to turn the tide. If you or someone you love is living with cirrhosis, remember this: you're not alone, and the path forward, though difficult not without promise. Talk to your doctor, ask the hard questions, and explore every option. Because every liver saved is a life restored.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Hope Lives Here: Expert Liver Care at Amrita Hospital</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, we believe in more than just treating liver disease; we believe in restoring lives. Our world-class hepatology and liver transplant team combines cutting-edge technology with compassionate care to guide you through every stage of your journey. Whether you're seeking early diagnosis, ongoing management, or advanced transplant support, you’re in the right hands.</p><p dir="ltr">Don’t wait for symptoms to worsen. Take control of your liver health today.</p><p dir="ltr">Book a consultation with our <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/doctors/gastroenterology-and-hepatology">liver care specialists</a> at Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, where healing meets hope.</p><p dir="ltr">When Every Moment Counts, Count on Amrita Hospital.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>FAQ’s</strong></h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Can a person with liver cirrhosis get a liver transplant?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Yes. A liver transplant is often recommended for individuals with end-stage or decompensated cirrhosis when the liver can no longer function properly. Eligibility is determined based on factors like overall health, MELD score, and the presence of transplant-related risks. Early referral and evaluation increase the chances of a successful outcome.</p><ol start="2"><li dir="ltr"><strong>How long can you live with a transplanted liver?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">Most liver transplant recipients enjoy long, healthy lives. On average, 75% of patients live for at least 5 years and may go on to live 10 to 20 years or more, especially with good post-operative care, medication adherence, and regular follow-up. Advances in transplant medicine continue to improve outcomes year after year.</p><ol start="3"><li dir="ltr"><strong>Can you ever drink again after a liver transplant?</strong></li></ol><p dir="ltr">No, it is strongly discouraged. Drinking alcohol after a liver transplant can damage the new liver and significantly increase the risk of rejection, liver disease recurrence, or other serious complications. Maintaining lifelong abstinence is crucial to protect the transplanted organ and ensure long-term survival.</p>

Understanding Cirrhosis and Its Link to Liver Transplants

<p dir="ltr">Summer brings warmth and brightness, but it also introduces serious health risks—<strong>dehydration and heatstroke</strong> being among the most dangerous. While they may start with mild symptoms, both can quickly escalate into life-threatening conditions if not addressed promptly.</p><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital Faridabad</strong>, we are committed to raising awareness and providing effective medical care for heat-related illnesses. This comprehensive guide offers expert insights on recognizing, preventing, and treating dehydration and heatstroke.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Are Dehydration and Heatstroke?</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Understanding Dehydration</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in, impairing vital functions like:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Temperature regulation<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Nutrient transport<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Waste elimination</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Key physiological impacts include:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Thicker blood, slowing circulation<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Reduced oxygen to organs<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Electrolyte imbalance, causing cramps and palpitations</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Understanding Heatstroke</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Heatstroke is a&nbsp;<strong>medical emergency</strong> that occurs when the body's internal temperature rises above&nbsp;<strong>104°F (40°C)</strong>, leading to potential damage to the brain, heart, and kidneys.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Distinct features of heatstroke:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Hot, red, and dry skin (lack of sweating)<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Rapid pulse and shallow breathing<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Disorientation, seizures, or unconsciousness</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Common Causes of Dehydration and Heatstroke</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Prolonged Exposure to Heat</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Staying in direct sunlight or in poorly ventilated areas increases the risk of overheating.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Intense Physical Activity Without Hydration</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Sweating without adequate fluid intake leads to rapid dehydration.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Inadequate Fluid Intake</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Failing to drink enough water, especially in summer, heightens the risk.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Wearing Unsuitable Clothing</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Dark, tight, or synthetic fabrics trap heat and reduce the body's ability to cool itself.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Chronic Illnesses and Medications</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Conditions like heart disease, diabetes, or the use of diuretics or antihistamines impair heat regulation.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Immediate Medical Attention Is Crucial</strong></h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Delays can be fatal</strong>: Organ failure may occur.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Mental functions are impaired</strong>: Disorientation and confusion can set in.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Heatstroke is fast-acting</strong>: It can progress within 30 minutes.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Vulnerable groups suffer more</strong>: Children and the elderly are at heightened risk.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Recognizing the Symptoms</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs of Dehydration:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Thirst and dry mouth<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Dark urine or reduced urination<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue and dizziness<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Headache and muscle cramps</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Signs of Heatstroke:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Body temperature &gt; 104°F (40°C)<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Hot, dry, red skin<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Nausea and vomiting<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Rapid breathing and confusion<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Fainting or seizures</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>How Amrita Hospital Faridabad Treats Heat-Related Illnesses</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>1. Intravenous (IV) Fluid Replacement</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">For severe dehydration, we provide IV fluids (saline or glucose) to restore hydration and balance electrolytes.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>2. Advanced Cooling Techniques</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Ice packs applied to the neck, groin, and armpits<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Cooling blankets and ice baths<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Cold IV fluids<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Temperature-controlled emergency and ICU units<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>3. Continuous Monitoring</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">We track vital signs using advanced equipment to detect abnormalities in:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Heart rate<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Blood pressure<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Oxygen saturation<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Brain function</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>4. Medications and Supportive Therapy</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Depending on severity, we administer:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Fever reducers<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Anti-nausea drugs<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Seizure medications<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Oxygen or dialysis if necessary</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>5. Intensive Care for Severe Cases</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Patients with multi-organ failure or unconsciousness receive 24/7 care in our ICU with:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Multidisciplinary support<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Life support systems<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Round-the-clock monitoring</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>6. Post-Recovery and Discharge Planning</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Upon recovery, we provide:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Personalized hydration and diet plans<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Tips to prevent recurrence<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Scheduled follow-up appointments<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>When to Seek Medical Help</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms Not Improving After Home Care</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">If you’re still dizzy or weak after several hours of rest and hydration, visit a hospital.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Confusion, Seizures, or Fainting</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">These are signs of brain distress. Seek emergency help immediately.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>No Urination for Over 8 Hours</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">This indicates potential kidney failure and calls for IV fluid therapy.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Persistent Fever Above 104°F (40°C)</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Your body may have lost its ability to cool itself—seek medical care urgently.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Dry, Hot, or Red Skin Without Sweating</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">This is a classic sign of heatstroke and requires hospital cooling interventions.</p><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>At-Risk Groups</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">Children, elderly individuals, and patients with chronic illnesses require prompt attention even with mild symptoms.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Prevention Tips</strong></h2><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Stay Hydrated</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Drink 8–12 glasses of water daily<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Use ORS, lemon water, and juices</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Dress Smart</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Light-colored, loose, cotton clothes are best<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Avoid Peak Heat Hours</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Limit outdoor activity between 11 AM – 4 PM</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Eat Cooling Foods</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Cucumber, watermelon, oranges, and tomatoes<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Avoid spicy, fried foods<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Use Sun Protection</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Apply SPF 30+ sunscreen<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Wear hats and sunglasses<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Rest Often</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Take frequent breaks during prolonged exposure<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h3 dir="ltr"><strong>Monitor the Vulnerable</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr">Watch over kids, elderly, and chronically ill family members<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q1: Can I get heatstroke indoors?</strong><br>Yes. Poor ventilation and low fluid intake indoors can still trigger heatstroke.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q2: Is coffee or tea good during hot weather?</strong><br>No. They're diuretics and may increase dehydration.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q3: How soon should I feel better after rehydration?</strong><br>Mild dehydration improves within a few hours; severe cases may take 24–48 hours.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q4: Is overhydration dangerous?</strong><br>Yes. Excess plain water without electrolytes can cause imbalances—ORS is safer.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q5: Can children suffer long-term effects from heatstroke?</strong><br>Yes, if untreated, it can cause lasting organ and neurological damage.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Why Trust Amrita Hospital Faridabad?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At&nbsp;<strong>Amrita Hospital Faridabad</strong>, you are in safe hands. Our facilities include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">A team of experienced doctors and nurses<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced diagnostic and monitoring tools<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Modern ICUs and high-dependency units<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Proven emergency care protocols for heat-related illnesses<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Emergency Helpline</strong>:&nbsp;<br><strong>Visit Us</strong>:<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad">&nbsp;www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad</a></p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Stay Alert. Stay Cool. Stay Safe.</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Your health matters. Be proactive this summer. Recognize the signs, take preventive measures, and seek timely care when needed.</p><p dir="ltr">Let me know if you'd like this as a downloadable Word or PDF file or published in HTML format for a website.</p>

Heat Stroke and Dehydration: Know the Signs and Stay Safe

<p dir="ltr">One of the most common cancers in men worldwide, prostate cancer can range in behaviour from aggressive tumours that spread swiftly to slow-growing tumours. For this reason, precise imaging is essential for diagnosis, staging, and treatment selection.</p><p dir="ltr">Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), a protein present on prostate cancer cells, is the target of the PSMA PET-CT scan, a cutting-edge imaging method. This scan carries higher sensitivity than traditional Bone scan and thus can detect lesions earlier by combining PET and CT technologies.</p><p dir="ltr">PSMA PET scan is now being widely adopted in hospitals and cancer care across the globe and this state of the art facility is available at Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India. PSMA PET-CT scan is transforming how prostate cancer is diagnosed and managed.</p><h3><strong>How the PSMA PET-CT Scan Works</strong></h3><p dir="ltr">To understand how a PSMA PET-CT scan works, it’s important to know what PSMA or Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen is. PSMA is a protein that is present on the surface of prostate cancer cells in high amounts, with the highest accumulation on aggressive or advanced prostate cancer cells. Due to this fact, it is a great target for imaging, since cancer cells will “light up” in the presence of PSMA.</p><p dir="ltr">The scan utilises special radiotracers, typically Gallium-68 or Fluorine-18 (F-18), injected into a patient's bloodstream. These tracers are designed to bind specifically to PSMA proteins in the body. After they bind, a PET scanner detects the radiation signal given off by the tracer, while the CT scan provides detailed anatomical images. This allows doctors to see exactly where the cancer is located, even in small or previously undetectable areas.</p><h3><strong>Step-by-step: How the scan is performed</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Preparation:</strong> Patients may need to hydrate and abstain from eating for a few hours before the scan. Most of the time, little or no preparation is required.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Radiotracer Injection:&nbsp;</strong>Before a scan is performed, a small amount of Gallium-68 or F-18 radiotracer is injected into a vein, usually in the arm.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Waiting to Scan</strong>: After injection of the tracer, the patient is allowed to circulate the tracer so that it can bind to any PSMA-expressing cancer cells (typically 45–60 minutes).</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Scanning:&nbsp;</strong>The last phase of preparation is for the patient to lie on a table that will move into the combined PET-CT scanner. The scan usually takes 20–40 minutes.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Results:&nbsp;</strong>A nuclear medicine specialist, who is trained in interpreting PSMA PET-CT scans, will review the images.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">This targeted, highly sensitive approach is why PSMA PET-CT is a powerful method of detecting both primary and metastatic prostate cancer.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Advantages of PSMA PET-CT Over Traditional Imaging</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">When comparing PSMA PET-CT scans to those of conventional imaging tools such as MRI, CT, or bone scans, PSMA PET-CT offers significant advantages, especially in prostate cancer detection and staging:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Higher Sensitivity and Specificity</strong><br>PSMA PET-CT can detect cancer cells with greater accuracy, even when PSA levels are low, which stands as a limitation for many traditional scans.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Earlier Detection of Recurrence</strong><br>It can identify small metastases and early signs of cancer returning before they become visible on MRI or bone scans.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>More Comprehensive Imaging</strong><br>It combines molecular and anatomical imaging, giving a detailed picture of the entire body in one scan.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Less Invasive</strong><br>Requires only a small radiotracer injection with no need for biopsy or invasive procedures.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Targeted Imaging</strong><br>Specifically highlights PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells, offering precise localisation of tumours.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Improved Treatment Planning</strong><br>Enables more accurate staging and helps clinicians choose the most effective treatment strategy — surgery, radiation, or systemic therapy.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Fewer False Positives/Negatives</strong><br>Reduces uncertainty thus minimising unnecessary treatments or delayed interventions.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">These benefits make&nbsp;<strong>PSMA PET-CT one of the best imaging options for prostate cancer</strong>, especially for men with&nbsp;<strong>suspected recurrence or unclear results from previous scans</strong>.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Role of PSMA PET-CT in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The PSMA PET-CT scan can discriminate the precise location of the cancer, and whether it is indeed localised or already metastatic. Once the rare isotope (Gallium or Lutetium) of PSMA PET-CT is injected, even microscopic aggregates of cancer cells are evaluated to determine whether or not they are confined to the prostate, lymph nodes or have moved to distant sites. This is instrumental for the clinician to know precisely how extensive the disease is at diagnosis or upon recurrence.</p><p dir="ltr">The precision of detail offered is invaluable for tailoring individualised treatment approaches.</p><p dir="ltr">For example:</p><ul><li dir="ltr">If the scan demonstrates that the tumour is localised at diagnosis, and the prostate cancer is the primary site of disease, the patient is very likely a candidate for Robotic Radical Prostatectomy or&nbsp; radiation therapy directed at the prostate.</li><li dir="ltr">On the other hand, if a metastasis has been identified earlier at recurrence, systemic therapies such as Hormone Therapy (HT) or Chemotherapy (CT) would be initiated.</li><li dir="ltr">In some instances, it may also assist in the event of focal-directed therapies that only treat the localised (focal) area, while also preserving some normal or healthy tissues in other regions.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Furthermore, the scan gives a real-time representation mapping of prostate cancer overall for a patient, which is directly correlated to precision medicine, so there is not only the effectiveness of the treatment, but also their individual cancer profile, which is critical.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">In closing, PSMA PET-CT is helping transform prostate cancer care as it is allowing deeper diagnostic visibility.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Monitoring Recurrence After Prostate Cancer Treatment</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">After prostate cancer treatment, one of the biggest challenges is detecting cancer recurrence early, especially when PSA levels begin to rise but conventional imaging shows no signs of the disease. This is where PSMA PET-CT scans have emerged as a more sensitive modality in identifying biochemical recurrence, a rise in PSA without visible tumours.</p><p dir="ltr">PSMA PET-CT is highly sensitive and can detect even minute traces of prostate cancer cells that may have escaped earlier treatment. Its ability to pinpoint recurrence, even at very low PSA levels, makes it far more effective than traditional scans in guiding the next steps of care.</p><p dir="ltr">Importantly, the scan plays a crucial role in planning salvage therapy, helping doctors decide whether to proceed with targeted radiation, surgery, or systemic treatment based on exactly where the cancer has returned. This personalized approach leads to better outcomes and avoids unnecessary or ineffective treatments.</p><p dir="ltr">In short, PSMA PET-CT offers peace of mind for patients and physicians alike by ensuring that any signs of cancer returning are caught and addressed as early and accurately as possible.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Clinical Evidence and Endorsements</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">The clinical success of PSMA PET-CT scan is supported by extensive research and growing endorsement from leading health organisations. Multiple clinical trials, including the ones sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), have demonstrated its superior diagnostic performance over conventional imaging methods for prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr">One of the most influential studies, the pro PSMA trial (Hofman et al., Lancet, 2020), found that PSMA PET-CT had 27 per cent greater accuracy in staging high-risk prostate cancer compared to standard imaging. The trial also noted significantly fewer ambiguous results and a lower radiation dose to the patient.</p><p dir="ltr">In recognition of these outcomes, the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several PSMA-targeted radiotracers, including Gallium-68 PSMA-11 and F-18 DCFPyL, for use in PET imaging of prostate cancer. According to the NCI, PSMA PET imaging is now a recommended tool for staging and evaluating recurrent disease due to its high sensitivity and specificity.</p><p dir="ltr">Moreover, PSMA PET-CT&nbsp; is now also being widely adopted by cancer centres across the U.S, Europe, and Australia, marking a major shift in how prostate cancer is diagnosed and managed. Institutions such as the <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/">Mayo Clinic</a>, <a href="https://www.mdanderson.org/">MD Anderson</a>, and <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/">UCLA</a> have incorporated PSMA PET-CT into their routine practice, which further validates its clinical utility.</p><p dir="ltr">All the above stated bring us to the inference that the evidence is compelling - PSMA PET-CT is not just clinically validated. It is also endorsed by some of the world’s most respected cancer research and treatment institutions, positioning the procedure as the new gold standard in the imaging of prostate cancer.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>What Patients Can Expect from a PSMA PET-CT Scan</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">If the doctor has recommended a PSMA PET-CT scan, knowing what to expect can help ease your anxiety. The procedure is safe, painless, and typically completed within a couple of hours.</p><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>Before the Scan</strong></h4><ul><li dir="ltr">You may be asked to fast for 4–6 hours before the procedure.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Drinking water is encouraged to stay hydrated.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Let your doctor know about any medications or health conditions beforehand.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">No special preparations are usually needed beyond these steps.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>During the Scan</strong></h4><ol><li dir="ltr">A small amount of radioactive tracer (like Gallium-68 or F-18) will be injected into a vein in your arm.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">You’ll wait 45–60 minutes to allow the tracer to circulate and bind to prostate cancer cells.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">You’ll then lie on a scanning table, which slowly moves through the PET-CT scanner.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">The scan takes about 30 minutes, and you’ll need to stay still during imaging.<br>&nbsp;</li></ol><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>After the Scan</strong></h4><ul><li dir="ltr">You can resume normal activities immediately.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Drink plenty of fluids to help flush the tracer out of your system.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Side effects are rare, but mild discomfort at the injection site may occur.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h4 dir="ltr"><strong>Is PSMA PET-CT Safe?</strong></h4><p dir="ltr">Yes, the scan is considered safe. It uses a low dose of radiation and has a strong safety record. The benefits of accurate cancer detection outweigh the minimal risks involved.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>The Value of PSMA PET-CT in Modern Prostate Cancer Care&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">As we have already understood, the PSMA PET-CT scan has revolutionised how health care facilities detect, stage and manage prostate cancer. With its ability to identify cancer cells with remarkable accuracy, even at low PSA levels, it offers a powerful edge over traditional imaging techniques.</p><p dir="ltr">From the very initial stage of guiding treatment to monitoring recurrence, the PSMA PET-CT scan has become an essential part of modern prostate care. If you or a loved one is facing a prostate cancer diagnosis, it’s important to explore the most advanced diagnostic options available.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Take the Next Step at Amrita Cancer Care, Faridabad</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Cancer Care, Faridabad, we offer state-of-the-art PSMA PET-CT scanning as a part of our comprehensive prostate cancer care. Backed by <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/centres-of-excellences/renal-sciences/urology">expert Uro-Oncologists</a>, advanced technology, and compassionate care, we are here to support you every step of the way.</p><p dir="ltr">Book a consultation today and take control of your prostate health with confidence. Visit&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad">https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad</a></p><p dir="ltr">Or call us at 1800 425 1999 to schedule your appointment.</p><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>FAQs&nbsp;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q1: What makes PSMA PET-CT different from a regular PET scan?</strong></p><p dir="ltr">A regular PET scan uses tracers that detect general cancer activity, while PSMA PET-CT specifically targets PSMA protein, which is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells, hence making it more accurate for prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q2: How accurate is PSMA PET for prostate cancer?</strong><br>Studies show PSMA PET-CT has a detection rate of over&nbsp;<strong>85–95%</strong>, especially in cases of recurrence or low PSA levels.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q3: Is PSMA PET-CT covered by insurance?</strong><br>Coverage varies by region and insurance plan. Some policies may cover it for staging or recurrence; prior authorisation is usually required.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Q4: When is a PSMA PET-CT scan recommended?</strong><br>It is recommended for the initial staging of high-risk prostate cancer, evaluating biochemical recurrence, or assessing treatment response in advanced cases.</p><p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

PSMA PET-CT Scan: A Breakthrough in Prostate Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis

Best Hyperpigmentation Treatments — Dermatologist-Approved Solutions

<p dir="ltr">When we think of surgery, we often imagine doctors performing life-saving procedures in an operation theatre.</p><p dir="ltr">But have you ever wondered who performs complex surgeries on the heart, lungs, and blood vessels? That’s where&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/cardiac-sciences/cardiovascular-and-thoracic-surgery">Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery</a> (CVTS) comes in.</p><p dir="ltr">CVTS is a highly specialized field of medicine that deals with heart surgery (cardiac), lung and chest surgery (thoracic), and blood vessel surgery (vascular). In India, where heart disease is a leading cause of death and lung diseases are on the rise, CVTS plays a crucial role in saving lives.</p><p dir="ltr">Let’s take a closer look at what this specialty involves.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2><strong>1. Cardiac Surgery: Fixing the Heart</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Heart diseases are widespread in India, often linked to lifestyle factors like diet, stress, and lack of exercise. Cardiac surgeons perform various procedures, including:&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Coronary artery bypass Surgery</strong></p><p dir="ltr">When heart arteries are blocked, surgeons use blood vessels from other parts of the body to bypass the blockages.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Heart Valve Surgery</strong> : Damaged heart valves are repaired or replaced to ensure proper blood flow.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Congenital Heart Surgery</strong> : Correcting birth heart defects in newborns and children.</p><p dir="ltr">Heart Transplants &amp; Artificial Heart For patients with end-stage heart failure where the heart is unable to pump blood.</p><p dir="ltr">Today, some heart surgeries can be done through Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (MICS) or using a robot -Robotic Cardiac Surgery, using small cuts instead of large ones, leading to faster recovery and less pain.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2><strong>2. Thoracic Surgery</strong>: Treating Lung and Chest Diseases</h2><p dir="ltr">With rising pollution levels, smoking habits, and infections like tuberculosis, lung diseases are becoming more common in India. Thoracic surgeons manage conditions like</p><h3>Common Lung and Chest Surgeries:</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Lung Surgery:</strong> Removing diseased parts of the lung or whole Lung.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Esophageal Surgery</strong>: Treating diseases of the food pipe.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Chest Trauma Surgery</strong>: Fixing injuries from accidents or falls.</p><p dir="ltr">Many lung surgeries are now done using VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery) or&nbsp;<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/news/amrita-hospital-faridabad-proudly-offers-comprehensive-largest-cutting-edge-robotic">robotic surgery,</a> which are less painful and allow quicker recovery.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2>3.&nbsp;Vascular Surgery: Surgery on the Blood Vessels</h2><p dir="ltr">Vascular surgeons handle problems in arteries and veins.</p><h3>Common Blood Vessel Surgeries:</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Aneurysm Repair:</strong> Fixing swollen, weak areas in blood vessels that could burst.</p><p dir="ltr">Carotid Surgery &amp; Stenting to Prevent strokes by clearing blockages in the neck arteries.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Varicose Vein Treatment: </strong>Treating painful, swollen veins in the legs.</p><p dir="ltr">Peripheral vascular bypass surgery- increasing the blood supply to the arteries that supply blood to the leg</p><p dir="ltr">Many vascular problems can now be treated with minimally invasive procedures, avoiding major surgeries - Endovascular repair<br>&nbsp;</p><h2><strong>Why is Cardiac Surgery Important for India?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">With heart attacks becoming more common at younger ages and conditions like diabetes and hypertension on the rise, CVTS specialists are playing a crucial role in the Indian healthcare system.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Advanced techniques are making surgeries safer and recovery faster.</p><p dir="ltr">Early diagnosis and timely treatment can save lives! If you or a loved one have heart, lung, or vascular issues, consulting a specialist early can make a big difference.</p><p dir="ltr">CVTS surgeons are at the front line of saving lives by performing critical surgeries on the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. With medical advancements and early intervention, many serious conditions can be treated successfully, allowing people to live healthier, longer lives.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

What is CVTS? Understanding Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery

<p dir="ltr">The management of localised clinically significant prostate cancer typically involves several treatment options, depending on factors like the patient's age, overall health, cancer stage, and personal preferences. Here’s an overview of the common approaches:</p><ol><li dir="ltr"><strong>Active Surveillance</strong>: This is often recommended for patients with low-risk, localised prostate cancer. It involves regular monitoring through PSA tests, digital rectal exams (DRE), and periodic biopsies, deferring treatment until there are signs of progression.</li></ol><p dir="ltr"><strong>2. Surgery:</strong> For more aggressive prostate cancers, surgery may be recommended. Options include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Robotic Radical Prostatectomy:</strong> Removal of the entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Minimally Invasive Surgery:</strong> Techniques like robotic-assisted surgery offer less invasive options with shorter recovery times. It's typically considered for patients with a longer life expectancy and good overall health</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>3. Hormone Therapy + Radiation Therapy:</strong> Hormone Therapy is used in conjunction with Radiation Therapy. Hormone therapy reduces testosterone levels, which can fuel cancer growth.&nbsp; Radiation involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be delivered externally or internally (brachytherapy).</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>4. Combination Therapy</strong>: Depending on individual circumstances, a combination of the above treatments may be recommended to maximise effectiveness and minimise side effects.</p><p dir="ltr">Each approach has potential benefits and risks, so discussions with your Uro-Oncologist are crucial to tailor treatment to the patient’s specific needs and preferences.<br><br>Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ?<br>Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234<br>Department of Urology<br>Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery<br>Faridabad, Haryana, India</p>

What should be the approach to management of Localised Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer? 

<p dir="ltr"><strong>BRCA and HRR Testing in Prostate Cancer</strong></p><p dir="ltr">BRCA and HRR genes are crucial in DNA repair, helping to prevent genetic mutations that can lead to cancer. Mutations in these genes can significantly increase the risk of developing various cancers, including prostate cancer.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>BRCA and HRR testing</strong> involves analyzing a patient's DNA for mutations in these genes. This testing is particularly important for:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer:</strong> Women with these cancers often have mutations in BRCA genes, which can also increase the risk of prostate cancer in male family members.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men diagnosed with prostate cancer at a young age:</strong> Prostate cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 is often associated with inherited genetic factors, including mutations in BRCA and HRR genes.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>The significance of BRCA and HRR testing in prostate cancer includes:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Risk assessment:</strong> Identifying mutations in these genes can help assess an individual's risk of developing prostate cancer, allowing for more targeted screening and prevention strategies.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment guidance:</strong> Understanding the genetic basis of prostate cancer can help guide treatment decisions. For example, certain targeted therapies may be more effective for patients with specific genetic mutations.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Prognosis prediction:</strong> Genetic testing can provide insights into the potential aggressiveness of a prostate cancer, helping to predict the likelihood of recurrence or spread.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">In conclusion, BRCA and HRR testing play a crucial role in the management of prostate cancer, providing valuable information for risk assessment, treatment planning, and prognosis prediction.<br><br>Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ?<br>Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234<br>Department of Urology<br>Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery<br>Faridabad, Haryana, India</p>

What is the significance of BRCA and HRR testing in Ca Prostate?

<p dir="ltr">Have you ever experienced waking up suddenly from a deep sleep, struggling to catch your breath? This can be due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea! Obstructive Sleep apnea is one of the most commonly experienced sleep-related breathing disorders. People with Obstructive Sleep Apnea, widely referred to as OSA, tend to have their throat muscles contract and block the oesophagus, blocking the respiratory tract and further affecting the respiratory circuit. This leads to a lack of sleep and hence further complications. It is essential to address this medical condition as prolonged OSA can lead to further health complications.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a serious health condition as untreated OSA can lead to further life-threatening complications such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, diabetes, chronic fatigue, liver problems, weakened immune system, depression, and anxiety!&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Some initial symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, headaches, and fatigue. If you are suffering from any of these symptoms and suspect that you have OSA, consult with a doctor to get a proper diagnosis. Early medical assistance can help improve your condition and prevent complications related to Obstructive Sleep Apnea.</p><h2 dir="ltr">What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?</h2><p dir="ltr">Obstructive Sleep Apnea, commonly called OSA, occurs when your airway gets obstructed during sleep. As you sleep, all the muscles in your body begin to relax. This is a normal part of the sleep cycle and helps your body rest and recover. Naturally, the muscles in your throat relax as a part of this process. However, in the case of a person who experiences OSA, the throat muscles relax extensively, leading the soft tissues to partially or completely block the windpipe. This phenomenon interrupts the respiratory process. The brain detects the lack of oxygen and wakes you up for a short span so your muscles contract and this in turn restores natural breathing. However, these awakenings may go unnoticed as it is only for a short period of time but over a while these continuous disruptions can build up to cause further health complications.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The question arises of how OSA can be differentiated from other natural phenomena such as snoring. Snoring is a natural and harmless occurrence caused by the vibration of the relaxed throat muscles as air passes through them. OSA entails louder and more frequent bouts of snores, causing the person to wake up frequently to restore natural breathing. Other sleep disruptions can occur due to stress, lifestyle, or further medical conditions but none of them typically interrupt your breathing as OSA does.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea</h2><p dir="ltr">It can be troubling to distinguish the symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea as most of them overlap with commonly occurring phenomena. However, let us take a closer look at the key symptoms of OSA by distinguishing them into day-time and night-time OSA</p><p dir="ltr"><em><strong>Night-time Symptoms</strong></em></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Loud Snoring with uneven pauses</li><li dir="ltr">Restless Sleep&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Choking / Grasping for Air</li><li dir="ltr">Heavy Pauses of Breath</li><li dir="ltr">Dry Mouth&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Sore Throat</li><li dir="ltr">Nocturia&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Excessive sweating&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><em><strong>Day-time Symptoms</strong></em></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Headaches</li><li dir="ltr">Brain-fog</li><li dir="ltr">Abruptive Mood Changes</li><li dir="ltr">Drowsiness</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><em><strong>Additional Symptoms&nbsp;</strong></em></p><ul><li dir="ltr">Hypertension due to increased blood pressure, brought upon by lack of oxygen during sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Weight gain caused by disruptions in metabolic processes due to unrestful sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Decreased libido due to fatigue and drowsiness.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">If you observe any of these symptoms in you or someone you know, please consider getting a consultation as OSA can lead to further health conditions if not treated early.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Causes and Risk Factors</h2><p dir="ltr"><strong>Factors that cause OSA</strong></p><p dir="ltr">The root cause of OSA is the obstruction of the upper section windpipe brought about by the extensive relaxation of soft muscle tissues in the throat. However, there are multiple other anatomical and biological elements that can cause OSA and can vary from person to person.</p><p dir="ltr">Even a simple move such as sleeping on your back can cause obstruction of the airway by the tongue as well as other muscles which droop down due to gravity.&nbsp; According to a study conducted by the National Library of Medicine and Biotech Information, sleeping on your right side can heavily lessen the occurrence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In the case of people who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, sleeping on the left side can prove to be the solution for their OSA. Sleeping on your side is therefore highly recommended to decrease OSA if you are experiencing it. In any sleep position, it is advised to elevate your head and to keep your neck and spine aligned.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">A person who suffers from Obesity can have excessive amounts of fats around their neck. This can lead to OSA as the fat around their throat can obstruct their windpipe during sleep. Even enlarged tonsils caused by infections or allergies can block the windpipe and cause OSA. Some people are born with the genetic disadvantage of a narrow airway, they are naturally prone to OSA. Factors such as a smaller chin and receding jaw can also result in obstruction of the windpipe, leading to OSA.</p><p dir="ltr">Muscle tones can falter due to old age and this can increase the risk of OSA in golden agers.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Consumption of alcohol can contribute to the extensive relaxation of throat muscles further increasing the likelihood of OSA. Even smoking can cause inflammation of the upper airway, increasing the chances of OSA.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Risk Factors&nbsp;</strong></p><p dir="ltr">As we have gone through the factors that can lead to OSA, it is easy to infer that anyone can develop OSA, but certain elements can heighten this medical situation:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Obesity</li><li dir="ltr">Smoking&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Consumption of Alcohol</li><li dir="ltr">Diabetes</li><li dir="ltr">Asthma&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Nasal Congestion</li><li dir="ltr">Hypertension</li><li dir="ltr">Old-age</li><li dir="ltr">Hereditary Obstructive Sleep Apnea</li><li dir="ltr">Genetical Abnormalities - Narrow Windpipe</li><li dir="ltr">Sleep position</li><li dir="ltr">Irregular sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Hyperthyroidism</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal imbalances</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Some risk factors that cause OSA are inevitable and beyond our power to control, such as hereditary OSA and genetic abnormalities. However, smoking, consumption of alcohol and obesity are something we have power over. Addressing these factors appropriately can significantly lessen the occurrence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">Obstructive Sleep Apnea can be diagnosed by a certified healthcare professional such as a Sleep Specialist, <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/doctors/pulmonary-medicine">Pulmonologist</a>, <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/speciality-departments/ent">ENT Specialist</a>, <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/doctors/neurosciences">Neurologist </a>or Respiratory Therapist.&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">Steps in Diagnostic Evaluation</h3><p dir="ltr">The initial assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea includes talking with the medical professional. This discussion can include the patient’s full medical history and other health factors that may contribute to OSA. The medical professional may ask you about your sleeping habits, how often you sleep and your sleep hours, how often you wake up in the middle of the night, and whether you feel satisfied with your sleep in the morning. They may also enquire about your snoring!&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">The doctor will enquire if you are suffering from any of the day-time symptoms of OSA such as fatigue, drowsiness, or headaches. They will also review your existing medical conditions, if any, to infer a proper diagnosis.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">If you have a partner or a parent (in a child’s case) accompanying you to the doctor’s, they can help the doctor in diagnosing OSA by sharing their observations whether you’re snoring extensively or waking up with bouts of breathlessness. Sleep Questionnaire is another method that healthcare professionals use to obtain accurate data from patients, they can infer the severity of the OSA.&nbsp;</p><h4 dir="ltr">Physical Examination for OSA</h4><p dir="ltr">The physical examination for OSA includes a thorough examination of your neck, throat and mouth. This is to check for any anatomical factors that can be causing the OSA such as a narrow windpipe. Enlarged tonsils, deviated septum or nasal congestion are some other factors that the doctor may be checking for.&nbsp;</p><h4 dir="ltr">Diagnostic tests for OSA</h4><p dir="ltr">To finalize the diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea, there are 2 major tests that can be conducted:</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Polysomnography</strong>: Polysomnography or PSG is an overnight sleep study conducted at a certified sleep center or medical facility where sleep technicians monitor your brain activity, oxygen levels, heart rates, and breathing during your sleep. PSG extracts multiple measurements so as to diagnose OSA. These include EEG, EMG, EOG ECG/EKG, airflow sensors, Respiratory Effort Belts, Pulse oximeters, leg movement sensors and finally video and audio monitors.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Home Sleep Apnea Test</strong>: Commonly referred to as HSAT, Home Sleep Apnea Test is a simple test taken at home where you can monitor your breathing and oxygen levels using sensors. The HSAT kit can be obtained from the doctor or the clinic where the diagnosis is taking place. The HSAT KTI will include a thermistor, an oximeter, a chest belt, and other sensors.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Based on the results of these assessments, the healthcare professional will conclude whether or not you are suffering from Obstructive Sleep Apnea and initiate the treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment for OSA can help prevent further health complications.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Difference Between Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">CSA or Central Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder caused by a neurological disconnection between the brain and the body. As you fall asleep, your breathing becomes shallow and much calmer compared to when you are awake and active. However, in people who suffer from CSA, their brains will temporarily stop communicating with the muscles that are responsible for respiratory actions. This means the person suffering from CSA will stop breathing in their sleep and their brain will wake them up to restart normal breathing. These respiratory interruptions can last from several seconds to even a minute and can occur multiple times throughout the sleeping period.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Unlike OSA, which is caused by physical obstruction, CSA is a neurological matter and is an even more serious health condition as it affects and strains the heart, leading to further cardiovascular problems.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Some of the key symptoms of Central Sleep Apnea include:&nbsp;</p><ul><li dir="ltr">Pauses of breath during sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Drowsiness / Daytime sleepiness</li><li dir="ltr">Headaches</li><li dir="ltr">Lack of focus due to poor sleep</li><li dir="ltr">Insomnia&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Fatigue</li><li dir="ltr">Loud snores</li><li dir="ltr">Shallow breathing&nbsp;</li></ul><p dir="ltr">CSA is not considered as a medical emergency. However, it can be a serious condition if left untreated, especially for your heart. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect you are suffering from Central Sleep Apnea and get proper medical help.</p><h2 dir="ltr">How Common is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">According to statistics, over 1 billion people suffer from Obstructive Sleep Apnea worldwide. The study inferred that the chance of developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea increases with age, especially in the middle-age bracket. OSA was found to be common in men, nearly double the rates compared to women, but OSA was also found prevalent in women after menopause.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">About 1-10% of children suffer from OSA. In younger children, OSA arose from factors such as enlarged tonsils or enlarged adenoids triggered by allergies or infections. Children may not show drowsiness or sleepiness if they are suffering from OSA, they may show signs of hyperactivity and restlessness.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Geographically, regions such as North America and Europe reported higher rates of OSA, this was deduced to arise from their sedentary lifestyle factors, mainly obesity.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Normalisation of poor sleep habits and obesity have become significant factors in the rise of OSA. Especially in the case of middle-aged individuals, who experience reduced muscle tones in addition to increased fat deposits. Limited physical activity in addition to poor sleep and unhealthy food becomes the ultimate gateway for OSA.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">In the case of a country like India, Obstructive Sleep Apnea goes undiagnosed due to several major factors. Mainly due to a lack of awareness of OSA and a lack of healthcare resources and personnel. Obesity has become a growing concern in the country and acts as a contributor to the growth of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the population. Childhood obesity is also linked as a major factor in the case of OSA in younger children in the nation.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Addressing the phenomenon of OSA by addressing obesity is a major way to prevent and manage the medical condition. Targeting weight management and promoting a healthier lifestyle that includes eating healthy and the integration of proper workouts can significantly help in the reduction of OSA.&nbsp;<br><br>In conclusion, the earlier you diagnose OSA, the easier it is to treat and bring stoppage to further life-threatening conditions. Public health campaigns regarding Obstructive Sleep Apnea can bring more attention to the condition and help reduce the prevalence of the medical condition.</p>

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevalence

<h2>What is Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer and what investigations aid in making such a diagnosis?&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">Clinically <strong>significant prostate cancer</strong> is a term used to describe prostate cancer that is likely to cause symptoms or spread to other parts of the body. While not all prostate cancers are clinically significant, those that are can significantly impact a patient's quality of life.</p><h3>Several investigations can aid in the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer, including:</h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) Test:</strong> An elevated PSA level can be an indicator of prostate cancer, but it's important to note that other factors can also raise PSA levels.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Digital Rectal Exam (DRE):</strong> A physical examination where the doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to assess its size and consistency.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):</strong> MRI can provide detailed images of the prostate gland, helping to identify suspicious areas and assess the extent of any tumor growth.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Biopsy:</strong> A tissue sample is taken from the prostate and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Gleason Score:</strong> This scoring system is used to assess the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells based on their microscopic appearance. A higher Gleason score generally indicates a more aggressive cancer.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic testing</strong> plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and management of clinically significant prostate cancer. By analyzing a patient's DNA, genetic testing can identify inherited mutations that may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer.</p><h3><strong>Some of the benefits of genetic testing for prostate cancer include:</strong></h3><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Risk assessment:</strong> Genetic testing can help identify individuals at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer, allowing for earlier screening and intervention.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment guidance:</strong> Genetic information can inform treatment decisions, helping to select therapies that are more likely to be effective for a particular patient.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Prognosis prediction:</strong> Genetic testing can provide insights into the potential aggressiveness of a prostate cancer, helping to predict the likelihood of recurrence or spread.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">In combination with other diagnostic tests, genetic testing can provide valuable information for the diagnosis and management of clinically significant prostate cancer.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

What is Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer? 

<p dir="ltr">Breast cancer remains one of the most common forms of cancer affecting women worldwide. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes, making it vital for everyone to understand and recognise the initial signs and symptoms. Though the statistics can be daunting, early identification significantly increases the chances of successful treatment.</p><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, is committed to empowering women with knowledge and promoting early detection of breast cancer. In this blog, we aim to educate readers about the various signs of breast cancer, enabling them to seek timely medical intervention when necessary.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Understanding Breast Cancer</h2><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Breast cancer, like every other form of cancer, arises when cells in the breast tissue grow abnormally and uncontrollably, often forming a tumour. While both men and women can be diagnosed with breast cancer, it’s far more prevalent in women. There are several types of breast cancer, which are typically categorised based on where the cancer originates in the breast tissue. The two primary regions where breast cancer may begin are the milk ducts (ductal carcinoma) and lobules (lobular carcinoma), although it can also affect other parts of the breast.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">While certain risk factors like age, genetics, and family history are beyond an individual’s control, lifestyle choices also play a role. Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and limiting alcohol consumption may help reduce the risk. For those with high genetic risk and gene mutations, preventive measures, including more frequent screenings or prophylactic surgery, may be considered.</p><p dir="ltr">Breast cancer can range from non-invasive (cancer cells remain in their original location) to invasive (cancer cells spread to surrounding tissues). It is essential to recognise the early signs and symptoms to ensure early diagnosis and treatment. The cancer’s location, type, and stage influence which symptoms appear first and how they progress. While some symptoms may be obvious, others can be subtle and easily overlooked, making regular self-examination and professional screening essential for early identification.<br>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Common Early Symptoms of Breast Cancer</h2><p dir="ltr">While symptoms can vary from person to person, some of the most common early signs of breast cancer include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lump in the Breast or Underarm:</strong> One of the most recognised early signs of breast cancer is the presence of a lump in the breast or underarm. Formation of new lumps or masses in the breast or underarm, particularly if it feels firm, irregular, and fixed, can be a cause for concern.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Changes in Breast Size or Shape:</strong> Another common early sign is the change in the size or shape of the breasts. If one breast appears to be larger, swollen, or shaped differently than usual, this may be an indication of breast cancer. It is particularly important to monitor for these changes if they are not related to the menstrual cycle, weight changes, or other common factors.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Skin Changes on the Breast:&nbsp;</strong>Skin changes on the breast, such as dimpling or puckering, can be an early symptom of breast cancer. This condition is often compared to the orange peel (peau d’orange) due to the similarity in texture.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Nipple Changes:</strong> Nipple retraction (nipple turning inwards) or discharge, particularly if it is bloody or clear and not associated with breastfeeding, can be a sign of breast cancer. Other changes, such as redness, scaling, or crusting, may also signal an underlying issue.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Breast or Nipple Pain:&nbsp;</strong>While breast pain isn’t a typical symptom of breast cancer, persistent pain in specific areas of the breast can be a cause for concern.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Swelling or Unexplained Thickening:</strong> Swelling or thickening of part of the breast, even if no lump is felt, can be an indication of breast cancer. These should not be ignored, especially if it does not go away over time.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Changes in Skin or Nipple Appearance</strong>: Any changes in the appearance of the skin or nipple, such as redness, scaling, or dimpling, can be an indication of the suppressed issue. Breast cancer can sometimes cause the skin to look different or feel thicker than usual.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Signs and Symptoms to Look for with Different Types of Breast Cancer</h2><p dir="ltr">Breast cancer can manifest differently depending on the type. While the above symptoms overlap between forms, some specific signs may be associated with different types of breast cancer.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Ductal Carcinoma:</strong> This is the most common type of breast cancer, originating in the milk ducts of the breast. Early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may not cause noticeable symptoms but can sometimes present with a small lump or calcifications that are detected on a mammogram. It may also be present with clear or bloody nipple discharge.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lobular Carcinoma</strong>:&nbsp;Lobular carcinoma&nbsp;originates in the milk-producing lobules of the breast. However, Lobular carcinoma may present with lump in breast or&nbsp; can be more challenging to detect than other types because it often does not form a distinct lump. Individuals may notice general thickening or fullness in one area of the breast, accompanied by changes in texture or size.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Invasive Breast Cancer:</strong> It refers to the cancer that has spread beyond the milk ducts or lobules. Invasive breast cancer causes a variety of symptoms, including the formation of a lump, changes in breast shape, skin dimpling, and nipple retraction. As the cancer spreads, it may affect surrounding lymph nodes, causing swelling in the underarm or collarbone.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Metastatic Breast Cancer:</strong> Also known as stage IV breast cancer, this type of cancer occurs when cancer cells spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body. Symptoms of metastatic breast cancer can vary depending on the organs involved but may include bone pain, weight loss, shortness of breath, and headaches.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Triple-Negative Breast Cancer:</strong> A more aggressive form of breast cancer that does not have receptors for oestrogen, progesterone, or HER2/neu. Symptoms may develop rapidly, including a lump, changes in breast size, nipple inversion, and skin changes. Due to its aggressive nature, triple-negative breast cancer often requires prompt treatment.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Inflammatory Breast Cancer:</strong> This is a rare and aggressive type of breast cancer that blocks lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, and thickening of the skin, which may resemble an infection or inflammation. Once these symptoms arise, it’s crucial to seek medical help immediately, as inflammatory breast cancer progresses quickly.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Male Breast Cancer:</strong> Though rare, men can also develop breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. Symptoms in men are similar to those in women, including lump formation, changes in breast size or shape, nipple discharge, and skin changes around the area.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Paget’s Disease of the Breast:&nbsp;</strong>A rare form of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. Symptoms include redness, scaling, itching, and oozing of fluids from the nipple, resembling eczema, a skin condition. Paget’s disease is often mistaken for a benign skin condition, making early detection crucial for proper treatment.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Papillary Carcinoma:</strong> This is another rare type of breast cancer that forms in the ducts of the breast. It typically presents as a small, slow-growing lump near the nipple, sometimes accompanied by clear or bloody discharge. Though generally less aggressive, papillary carcinoma requires prompt treatment to prevent progression.<br>&nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">When to Seek Medical Advice</h2><p dir="ltr">If any of the symptoms discussed are present, it is essential to seek medical advice promptly. While some symptoms may be benign, it is always better to seek medical advice to rule out any serious conditions. If necessary, doctors will suggest further tests like mammograms, ultrasounds, or biopsies.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">At Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, our team of experts specialised in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of breast cancer, ensuring that patients receive the highest quality of care at every stage.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Preventive Measures and Early Detection</h2><p dir="ltr">As mentioned earlier, early detection is crucial for successful treatment, and certain preventive measures can reduce the risk of developing the disease. By adopting a proactive approach to breast health, individuals can increase their chances of catching potential issues early and taking appropriate action.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Regular Screenings:</strong> One of the most effective ways to detect breast cancer is through regular screenings. Women aged 40 and older are suggested to have routine mammograms. A physical examination by a healthcare professional can help detect abnormalities that may not be visible on a mammogram. Individuals are also suggested to conduct monthly self-examinations.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Healthy Lifestyle Choices:&nbsp;</strong>Maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays an important role in reducing the risk of breast cancer. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can lower cancer risk. Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and balance hormone levels, which in turn can reduce the risk of breast cancer. It is advised to avoid smoking and limit the intake of alcohol to significantly lower the risk.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Genetic Testing and Counselling:&nbsp;</strong>Women with a family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations are suggested to conduct genetic counselling. This can help assess the risk and explore preventive options.<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Hormonal Treatments:</strong> For those at high risk, hormonal treatments like selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors may reduce the likelihood of developing breast cancer <strong>but can have side effects so not routinely advised</strong>.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Stay Informed:</strong> Being aware of the signs and symptoms is a crucial part of prevention. Regular check-ups, staying informed about the personal risk factors, and understanding family medical history can all help in early detection.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Prioritise Your Health with Amrita Hospital, Faridabad</h2><p dir="ltr">A comprehensive understanding of breast cancer, from its risk factors to the importance of early detection and the latest advancements in treatment, enables women to take proactive steps towards maintaining their health.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, offers detailed <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/speciality-departments/breast-diseases-division"><strong>breast cancer screening services</strong></a>, including mammograms and clinical breast examinations. Remember that early consultation with a specialist can lead to prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, maximising your chances of a full recovery.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/book-appointment"><strong>Schedule a check-up at Amrita Hospital</strong></a>, Faridabad, if you notice any abnormal changes in your breast health.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr"><br>Frequently Asked Questions</h2><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What is usually the first symptom of breast cancer?</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The most commonly appearing initial sign is the formation of a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm. While many lumps are benign, it is important to have any new growth evaluated by a healthcare professional.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What does stage 1 breast cancer feel like?</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">Stage 1 breast cancer may feel like a small, firm lump that is usually painless. At this early stage, the cancer is localised and has not spread beyond the breast tissue or nearby lymph nodes.</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>What are the five warning signs of breast cancer?</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The warning signs of breast cancer include:&nbsp;</p><ol><li dir="ltr">Formation of a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in the breast size or shape.</li><li dir="ltr">Nipple discharge or retraction.</li><li dir="ltr">Skin dimpling or thickening on the breast.</li><li dir="ltr">Persistent breast or nipple pain.<br>&nbsp;</li></ol><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>How to prevent breast cancer?</strong></li></ul><p dir="ltr">While there are no guaranteed ways to prevent breast cancer, some steps like managing a healthy lifestyle, regular screening, avoiding tobacco, etc. can reduce the risk. Genetic counselling may also help identify individuals at higher risk.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

Recognising the Early Signs of Breast Cancer: What Every Woman Should Know

<p dir="ltr"><strong>What is MRI Prostate with PIRADS scoring and how does it help in diagnosis and management of Prostate Cancer?</strong></p><p dir="ltr"><strong>MRI Prostate with PIRADS Scoring</strong> is a specialiSed type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to examine the prostate gland.</p><p dir="ltr">It provides detailed images of the prostate tissue, helping to detect and evaluate potential abnormalities, including prostate cancer. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>PIRADS (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System)</strong> is a standardised scoring system used to assess the likelihood of prostate cancer based on MRI findings. The score ranges from 1 (very low likelihood of cancer) to 5 (very high likelihood of cancer). &nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>MRI with PIRADS scoring is valuable in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer for several reasons:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Early detection:</strong> It can help identify suspicious areas within the prostate gland, potentially leading to earlier detection of prostate cancer.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Targeted biopsies:</strong> PIRADS scores can guide targeted biopsies, focusing on areas with a higher likelihood of cancer, reducing the risk of unnecessary procedures. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Treatment planning:</strong> The information from MRI with PIRADS scoring can help determine the most appropriate treatment approach, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or active surveillance. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Monitoring disease progression:</strong> It can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any signs of disease recurrence. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, MRI with PIRADS scoring is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer, offering a more accurate and targeted approach to patient care.<br><br><br>Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology"><strong>best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</strong></a> ?<br>Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234<br>Department of Urology<br>Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery<br>Faridabad, Haryana, India</p>

MRI Prostate with PIRADS: Aiding Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

<p dir="ltr"><strong>If your PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test results are abnormal, your Uro-Oncologist will likely recommend further evaluation.</strong> This may include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Digital Rectal Exam (DRE):</strong> A physical examination where the doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to assess its size and consistency.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Repeat PSA Test:</strong> A follow-up PSA test may be ordered to monitor changes in PSA levels over time.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Mri Prostate with PIRADS scoring</strong></li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Biopsy:</strong> If other tests suggest prostate cancer, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. This involves taking a tissue sample from the prostate for examination under a microscope.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>It's important to discuss these options with your Uro-Oncologist and understand the potential risks and benefits of each.</strong> The specific course of action will depend on your individual situation, including your age, overall health, and the severity of the abnormality.<br><br>Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology"><strong>best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</strong></a> ?<br>Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234<br>Department of Urology<br>Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery<br>Faridabad, Haryana, India</p>

What is to be done after a patient gets abnormal PSA report? 

<p dir="ltr"><strong>Symptoms of Prostate Cancer</strong></p><p dir="ltr">While prostate cancer can sometimes be asymptomatic in its early stages, there are several signs that may indicate the presence of the disease:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS):</strong> Difficulty initiating or stopping urination, frequent urination, weak urine flow, or a sense of incomplete bladder emptying.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Blood in the urine or semen:</strong> This is a concerning symptom that should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Urinary Incontinence:</strong> Loss of bladder control, such as leaking urine.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Pain or Discomfort:</strong> Pain in the lower back, hips, or thighs can be a sign of advanced prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Erectile Dysfunction:</strong> Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Advanced Symptoms</strong>: In more advanced stages, symptoms might include weight loss, fatigue, bone pain (if cancer has spread to the bones), and swelling in the legs.</li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). If you experience any of these symptoms, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis.<br><br>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ?<br>Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234<br>Department of Urology<br>Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery<br>Faridabad, Haryana, India</p>

What are the symptoms with which Prostate cancer patients may present? 

<p dir="ltr"><strong>PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)</strong> is a protein produced by the prostate gland. While an elevated PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, it can also be caused by other factors. Therefore, it's crucial to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations on PSA testing frequency.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Normal PSA levels</strong> vary between individuals. However, a level below 4 nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL) is generally considered normal for men under 50. As men age, PSA levels naturally increase.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Who Should Get a PSA Test?</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men over 50:</strong> Regular PSA tests are recommended for men over 50 as part of their routine health screenings.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men with Increased Risk:</strong> Men with a family history of prostate cancer, African American men, or those experiencing symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine flow, or blood in the urine may benefit from earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men with BRCA2 Mutations:</strong> Men carrying BRCA2 mutations may be at an increased risk and should consider earlier testing.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>A Risk-Adapted Approach</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, a risk-adapted strategy can help tailor PSA testing to individual needs. This involves:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Initial PSA Level:</strong> The initial PSA level can help determine follow-up intervals.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Life Expectancy and Performance Status:</strong> For men with limited life expectancy or poor performance status, aggressive screening might not be beneficial.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Guidelines for PSA testing:</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men from 50 years of age:</strong> Should consider regular PSA testing if symptomatic.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men from 45 years of age with a family history of prostate cancer:</strong> Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>African American men from 45 years of age:</strong> Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men carrying BRCA2 mutations from 40 years of age:</strong> Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>Your Uro-Oncologist will also use your initial PSA level to determine the frequency of follow-up testing for a risk adapted approach.</strong></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men with a PSA level of &gt; 1 ng/mL at 40 years of age:</strong> Should follow up every 2 years.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men with a PSA level of &gt; 2 ng/mL at 60 years of age:</strong> Should follow up every 2 years.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Men not at risk:</strong> May be able to postpone follow-up to 8 years.</li></ul><p dir="ltr"><strong>It's important to remember that PSA testing is not a definitive diagnosis for prostate cancer.</strong>&nbsp;<strong>Ultimately, the decision to undergo PSA testing should be made in consultation with your healthcare provider based on your individual circumstances.</strong></p><p dir="ltr">If your PSA level is elevated, your Uro-Oncologist may recommend further testing, to determine the cause.<br><br><br>Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ?<br>Book an appointment today – 0129-3521234<br>Department of Urology<br>Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery<br>Faridabad, Haryana, India</p>

What is the Normal level of PSA and who should get a PSA test done? 

<p><br>If you live in and around Delhi NCR and are reading this, chances are, that you have been coughing, sneezing, felling unwell and tired, for the past few weeks, well you have been affected by the annual air pollution disaster, that hits Delhi during this season, for the past few years. India as per, WHO is one of the most polluted countries in the world and Delhi NCR region is unfortunately the most polluted city in the country. The air quality in our city is hazardous and toxic to all organs systems of the body. As a chest physician working in Delhi, over the past few days, I have been experiencing a surge in the number of patients coming with acute respiratory distress and worsening asthma. As the father of a 5 year old child who was born in this city and will perhaps live here, for a substantial time of her life, I am scared! Will my child be affected by this pollution? Will her life span be decreased, if her still developing lungs are exposed to such high levels of pollution? Will this pollution affect her IQ and overall intelligence? The answer to all these questions is an unfortunate yes. Research has clearly shown, that air pollution is a major killer and has adverse effects not only on the lungs, but also on body organs, including mental health and IQ.</p><p><br>On a larger scale, we need to start involving the Government authorities and fight for our right to breathe. On a personal level , there are a few things which might help us cope better with the menace of pollution. First and foremost, if you have any respiratory diseases, see your physician. They will prescribe you with inhaled medicines, pumps, rotacaps etc. if it is required. Please do not shy away from using Pumps and inhalers. These drugs are absolutely safe if used correctly, and will help you breathe better. Every time you step out of your house, use a N-95 mask to cover your face and nose. These masks come with a shelf life and need to be replaced periodically. If you have any chronic illness, please ask your physician, if you can be given the pneumonia and flu vaccines. Air pollution, makes you more prone to lung infections and vaccines will help you in preventing these infections. It has been seen that the air quality inside our homes and offices is at times, worse than the air outside!&nbsp;</p><p>Many people ask us if air purifiers are helpful. Well if you live in a place where air quality is poor and any of the family members has any chronic/ cardio-respiratory disease, it makes good sense to buy an air purifier. Make sure your air purifier is HEPA/Carbon filter based, and does not release ozone. Most of these air purifiers are effective in improving the air quality for standard size Indian rooms. Apart from these measures, eat a well balanced healthy diet. Include fruits, vegetables and nuts in your diet and do some form of physical activity every day.<br>&nbsp;</p>

 Air Pollution: What you need to know!

<p><strong>PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)</strong> is a protein produced by the prostate gland, a small organ located below the bladder in men. It's primarily found in semen, but small amounts also circulate in the bloodstream. &nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>The<strong> PSA Test</strong> is a blood test used to measure the level of PSA in your blood. While an elevated PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, it can also be caused by other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate). &nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br><strong>It's important to note that a PSA test is not a definitive diagnosis for prostate cancer</strong>.&nbsp;<br>If your PSA level is elevated, your Uro-Oncologist may recommend further testing, such as a digital rectal exam or a prostate biopsy, to determine the cause.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;</p>

What is PSA?

<p>Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is a serious but preventable condition that affects many people in India, especially in rural areas. It is a leading cause of heart problems among children and young adults. Despite medical advances, RHD remains a significant public health challenge, and raising awareness is crucial to combat it. &nbsp;</p><h2>What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?&nbsp;</h2><p>Rheumatic Heart Disease is a long-term condition that starts with rheumatic fever, an illness that can develop after an untreated or poorly treated throat infection used caused by a bacteria called Streptococcus.&nbsp;</p><p>Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, but it is most harmful to the heart. Over time, this inflammation can scar the heart valves, which can lead to valve narrowing or incompetence making it difficult for valves to function properly.&nbsp;</p><p>Heart has 4 valves and any of them can be affected but the most commonest affected are the Mitral valve 65-70 % Aortic Valve 20-25 % and the Tricuspid valve 10 % The Pulmonary valve is rarely affected.&nbsp;</p><h2>RHD in India: A Public Health Challenge&nbsp;</h2><p>India has a high number of RHD cases approximately 1.5 million, especially in rural areas where healthcare access is limited. The disease mainly affects children and young often during their most productive years. Factors like overcrowding, poor sanitation, and lack of awareness about treating strep throat contribute to the high prevalence of RHD in the country.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Prevalence:</strong> RHD affects an estimated 1.5 million people&amp;nbsp;in India.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Mortality Rate:</strong> The mortality rate for RHD patients is approximately 4.7% per patient-year.</p><p><strong>Demographic Impact:</strong> Women are disproportionately affected, comprising about 72% of RHD patients.&nbsp;</p><h2>Symptoms and Complications&nbsp;</h2><p>RHD often shows symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and palpitations, which can be mistaken for other conditions. As the disease progresses, patients may develop severe complications, including heart failure, stroke, and serious infections of the heart valves. Without timely treatment, RHD can significantly impact quality of life and lead to premature death.&nbsp;</p><h2>Treatment Options for Rheumatic Heart Disease&nbsp;</h2><ul><li><h3>Medical Management&nbsp;</h3></li></ul><p>In the early stages, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further heart damage. This includes antibiotics to eliminate any remaining strep infection, anti-inflammatory medications to reduce heart inflammation, and regular check-ups to monitor disease progression.&nbsp;</p><ul><li><h3>Surgical Interventions&nbsp;</h3></li></ul><p>For advanced RHD, where the heart valves are severely damaged, surgery may be necessary. Valve repair or replacement is often the best way to restore&amp;nbsp;normal heart function and prevent further complications. The choice of procedure depends on the extent of the damage to the valve.&nbsp;</p><ul><li><h3>Heart Valve Replacement Options&nbsp;</h3></li></ul><p>When it comes to valve replacement, there are two main options: tissue valves and mechanical valves. Each has its pros and cons, which must be carefully considered.&nbsp;</p><ul><li><h3>Tissue Valves&nbsp;</h3></li></ul><p>Tissue valves are made from animal tissue (usually pigs-porcine or cows-bovine) or donated human heart tissue-homograft.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Advantages</strong></p><ul><li>Patients usually don't need long-term blood-thinning medications.&nbsp;</li><li>Quieter than mechanical valves.&nbsp;</li></ul><p><strong>Disadvantages</strong></p><p>Less durable and may need to be replaced after 10-20 years, especially in younger patients. More prone to calcification over time, which can lead to valve dysfunction.&nbsp;</p><ul><li><h3>Mechanical Valves&nbsp;</h3></li></ul><p>Mechanical valves are made from materials like carbon and titanium. They are designed to last a lifetime, making them a good choice for younger patients who might otherwise need multiple valve replacements.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Advantages</strong></p><ul><li>Extremely durable and can last for several decades.&nbsp;</li><li>Highly effective at maintaining normal blood flow.&nbsp;</li></ul><p><strong>Disadvantages</strong></p><ul><li>Patients must take blood-thinning medications for life to prevent clots, which can increase the risk of bleeding and require regular blood tests.&nbsp;</li><li>Some patients may be bothered by the clicking sound they produce.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>Choosing the Right Valve&nbsp;</h3><p>The decision between a tissue valve and a mechanical valve depends on factors like the patient's age, lifestyle, risk of bleeding, and personal preferences.&nbsp;</p><p>In India, where RHD often affects younger patients, the durability of mechanical valves may be a significant consideration. However, the need for lifelong blood-thinning medication with mechanical valves may be a drawback for some, especially those with limited access to regular healthcare.&nbsp;</p><h2>Prevention and Public Health Initiatives&nbsp;</h2><h3>Preventing Rheumatic Fever&nbsp;</h3><p>The best way to prevent RHD is to prevent rheumatic fever by promptly diagnosing and treating streptococcal throat infection with antibiotics. Public health campaigns that educate communities about the importance of treating sore throats and seeking medical care for infection symptoms are essential in reducing the incidence of rheumatic fever and RHD.&nbsp;</p><h3>Role of Vaccination and School Programs&nbsp;</h3><p>Research is ongoing into vaccines that could protect against the bacteria causing streptococcal throat infection. School-based health programs that promote hygiene, provide regular health check-ups, and educate children about the risks of untreated sore throats can also play a crucial role in preventing rheumatic fever and RHD.&nbsp;</p><p>Rheumatic Heart Disease remains a significant health issue in India, but with increased awareness and better healthcare access, its impact can be reduced. For those already affected by RHD, heart valve replacement&amp;mdash;whether with a tissue or mechanical valve&amp;mdash;offers a life-saving option that can restore normal heart function and improve quality of life.&nbsp;</p>

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